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Year 2019, the International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements, is of special value for our country. 150 years ago, in 1869, the outstanding Russian scientist D.I. Mendeleev published the first scheme of the Periodic table of chemical elements. The International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements draws the world community attention to the development of fundamental sciences, to deepening and expansion of education for sustainable development, to global problems that cannot be solved without active use of achievements of modern green chemistry. The quality of everyday life of present and future generations is directly connected with the progress and achievements of chemical science and technology. In 2019, the large-scale events dedicated to D.I. Mendeleev and his scientific heritage will take place both in Russia and throughout the world The International Year of the Periodic Table once again emphasizes the importance of the systematicity in our chaotic world. The System gives an opportunity to understand the idea of regularity and thus arms human beings with the ability to predict.

Bilateral relations between Russia and Japan in the course of 2018–2019 Russian-Japanese Cross-Year are analyzed in the article. The said International Project, aimed at improving relations between the peoples of both nations involves the Year of Russia in Japan, and the Year of Japan in Russia. For both countries the Project has turned into a very meaningful cultural event. Several Japanese social events have improved the attitude of Russian public towards Japan despite the latter's territorial claims for the "Northern Territories" (the Kurile Islands). In the meantime the expectations of the Japanese politicians for the progress in solution of the territorial problem have not been justified. On the other hand, the Russian-Japanese CrossYear has provided a "soft power" basis for the further development of bilateral relations and cultural links on the level of "grass roots" or "people's diplomacy". It has also contributed into a start of a new bilateral Project aimed at improving mutual cooperation between certain regions of Russia and Japan.

The article is devoted to one of the key moments of the Great Northern war – the campaign of the Swedish king Charles XII to Moscow. The historians of this campaign until now has not come to a consensus about what caused the sudden turn of the Swedish army to the South with a main route to Moscow. In the article on the basis of the analysis of historiographical achievements of recent years, a comparative analysis of military operations that took place on the territory of Belarus in the summer – autumn of 1708. In this period there were three major battles at the crossings of important water boundaries: when Golovchino, Maletichy and Lesnaja. All of them had different outcomes, so it is interesting to analyze in detail the features of these battles. The author believes that the Russian army managed to combine the impact on the Swedish army of different kind of troops: guards infantry, horse dragoon regiments and irregular cavalry (cossacks, kalmyks and tatars). The Russian army tried to weaken the enemy forces by creating difficulties in supply. The main motive for turning to the South of Charles XII was the loss of a military convoy, accompanied by a corps Lewenhaupt. The degree of reliability of the sources covering the events of the Great Northern war on the territory of Belarus in 1708 is analyzed. Based on the method of comparative analysis of sources, the author attempts to restore the real picture of the events. The conclusion is made about deliberate distortion of facts in the official Russian historiography in order to create a positive image of Tsar Peter I and his associates both in the international arena and within the country. The stability of this tradition for a long time is revealed.

The article reveals the conceptual defects of the designed and currently law-supported budget three-year plan — 2021–2023. Among them, the author includes the authorities' desire to continue using a rigid budget rule and the implementation of tax maneuvers. The author argues that there is a direct link between the effects of the budget rule and deceleration of the GDP growth in Russia. Overcoming the country-specific recession and the problem of excessive focus of the Russian economy on natural resource extraction should arguably be driven by an increased share of the government spending on its diversification, which requires a substantial relaxation or cancelling of the budget rule. The author concludes that the tax maneuver presents a barrier to curing the «Dutch disease» of the country's economy and therefore requires serious corrections while preserving excise duties on oil and gas exports and to the contrary, reducing the natural resource extraction tax rates.

In accordance with United Nations General Assembly resolution, the year 2019 was proclaimed the International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements, and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was designated as the lead organization for its implementation. At the present day, the UNESCO is the largest UN specialized agency with broad competence in providing interstate collaboration in the area of science, capable of playing a unique role for promotion of peace and sustainable development. The establishment of UN observances stimulates interest in the activities and programs of the organization in these areas, and also contributes to the intensification of activities at the international level. The proclamation of 2019 as the International Year of the Periodic Table is a recognition of the important role of the basic sciences, in particular, achievements in the field of chemistry and physics, in addressing the numerous development challenges that the world is currently facing in implementing the United Nations "2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development". The International Year under the auspices of UNESCO provides an opportunity to mobilize all interested parties around the topic of science for peace and development – from government officials to media representatives and schoolchildren.

At the beginning of COVID-19 development, when social vulnerability in the face of the global infectious threat became obvious, we presented target information on a key civilizational issue — the role of ethics in epidemic emergencies. The compliance of RF legislation and the world ethical standards analyzed on based on the study of the humanitarian heritage of pandemic management and a review of existing international documents. Today, one year later, it is time to practically evaluate the effectiveness of the ideology of ethical commitment and objectively comprehend the conflicts that have arisen, their causes and consequences. It should be emphasized that this work is not a so-called "moral lesson learned from COVID-19", but representation of a real picture of how the centuries-old experience of former epidemics and pandemics was taken into account and the unique truth of the ethical content of management decisions and actions was accepted. It is particularly important to have a possibility to present this article as a continuation of our research topic on the bioethics of pandemics, on the pages of such an authoritative, specialized journal, which fully allows us to preserve the integrity of ideas about the humanitarian essence of anti-epidemic measures. This humanitarian parallel starts from the moment of managing a particular patient with infectious pathology until large-scale measures for eradication vaccine-preventable diseases. A comprehensive and dynamic look at the need to find ways and the nature of overcoming ethical conflicts during the ongoing pandemic of the new coronavirus infection could determine the ethical approach of longterm recommendations in the field of public health protection and ensure the stability of social trust in the future. ; В самом начале развития пандемии COVID-19, когда социальная уязвимость перед лицом глобальной инфекционной угрозы стала очевидна, нами была предпринята попытка провести первое целевое информирование по ключевому цивилизационному вопросу, затрагивающему роль этики в условиях чрезвычайных ситуаций эпидемического характера. Было осуществлено детальное изучение гуманитарного наследия управления пандемиями прошлого и сделан обзор действующих международных документов, посвященных вопросам нравственной составляющей поддержания общественного здравоохранения в период пандемий. В ходе сопоставления алгоритма нормативных и этических характеристик был проведен анализ соответствия правового регламента Российской Федерации мировому этическому стандарту. В настоящий период, год спустя от начала распространения глобальной эпидемической волны COVID-19, настало время практически оценить действенность идеологии этической приверженности управления и контроля эпидемическими катастрофами и объективно осмыслить возникшие медицинские и социальные конфликты, и прежде всего оценить их уровень, причины, последствия и возможность преодоления. Отдельно необходимо подчеркнуть, что данная работа не претендует стать так называемым «извлеченным моральным уроком COVID-19», а в действительности представляет собой реальную картину того, каким образом был учтен или не учтен многовековой исторический опыт работы медицинских, социальных и государственных служб в период пандемий различных инфекционных заболеваний и как была усвоена и применена уникальная истина этического наполнения управленческих решений и действий. Особое значение также имеет факт возможности публикации данной работы как продолжения нашего исследования по биоэтике пандемий на страницах столь авторитетного профильного журнала, что в полной мере позволяет сохранить целостность представлений о гуманитарной сущности противоэпидемических мероприятий, начиная от момента ведения конкретного пациента с инфекционной патологией и вплоть до масштабных мер по ликвидации управляемых инфекций. Комплексный и динамичный взгляд на необходимость поиска путей и характер преодоления этических конфликтов в ходе продолжающейся пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции призван определить этический подход долгосрочных рекомендаций в сфере защиты общественного здоровья и обеспечить стабильность социального доверия в будущем.

The article is devoted to the study of the Iran-Azerbaijan relations during the first year of Muhammad Khatami's presidency. The main task of the research is to follow the evolution of Iran-Azerbaijan relations during that period, to describe the most important events of these relations and to find an answer to the question why such a successful beginning of the period led Iran and Azerbaijan to the verge of a diplomatic catastrophe. The coming of the liberal president Khatami to power in Iran created an opportunity to overcome mutual mistrust in the Iran-Azerbaijan relations and to direct them into a constructive course. The fact that in 1997-1998 Iran and Azerbaijan foreign policy agendas partly coincided also contributed to this concept. The first serious attempts to stabilize the Iran-Azerbaijan relations were made during the eighth OIC summit in Tehran, when Iran initiated passing of several documents, condemning the actions of Armenia in the Karabakh conflict. However, this proved insufficient to stabilize the relationship. Soon, because of problems in ethnic and energy spheres the Iran-Azerbaijan relations began rapidly to deteriorate. The priority given to relations with the United States by Azerbaijan served as an additional source of irritation for Iran. That eventually became the main reason for Iran to change its position on the international legal status of the Caspian Sea that created the basis for Iranian claims to Azerbaijan oilfields. In three years dramatic events of the first year of Khatami presidency led Iran and Azerbaijan to a military conflict in the Caspian Sea when Iranian warships drove away Azerbaijan research vessels from a contract zone Araz-Alov-Sharg.

The year 2019 is the anniversary year in the history of Germany. 70 years ago, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were founded. 30 years ago, the whole world experienced the fall of the Berlin Wall. The last event greatly influenced historiography. This concerns the role played by the USSR in Germany. This also concerns the GDR population, which allegedly had suffered "under Soviet tyranny" only. With the "end of history" the socialist variant of social development was written off, even though the mixed Chinese model still exists today. Therefore, it was hardly interesting to analyze the GDR history comprehensively. German foundations with their subsidies supported the topics and the interpretations, which in their view contributed to the development of democracy in Russia. It was logical that the former authority of Russian historical German studies was lost. Incidentally, the current events in the Federal Republic made the topic of East German identity again up to date. This can lead to rethinking the history of the Soviet occupation zone. The author does not claim to revise the previous historiography in a short article. His goal is more modest. He intends to use the documents from the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation to prove the following: Known stories can be reassessed and supplemented. The novelty also is that research tasks are being redefined. This can help to gain influence of Russian historical German studies in historiography. ; 2019 г. — юбилейный год в истории Германии. 70 лет назад образовались Федеративная Республика Германия и Германская Демократическая Республика. 30 лет назад произошло падение Берлинской стены — событие, которое определило последующее истори-описание как в отношении роли, которую сыграл СССР в Германии, так и касательно ГДР и якобы особой жертвенности немцев в «тисках советского режима». Социалистический вариант развития, несмотря на существующую смешанную китайскую модель, был отвергнут, поэтому и всесторонний анализ, учитывающий временной контекст событий, оказался невостребованным. Немецкие фонды, субсидировавшие российскую науку, поощряли интересующие их темы и интерпретации. Результатом этого объективного развития стала потеря отечественной исторической германистикой своего влияния и былого авторитета. Однако актуальные события на востоке Германии показали, что переосмысление истории советской оккупационной зоны и ГДР еще не завершено. В этой связи автор статьи, не претендуя на универсальность, посчитал необходимым на основе небольшого количества источников из Архива внешней политики РФ, посвященных контактам советских контрольных органов и восточногерманских буржуазных партий, доказать, что даже известные сюжеты при внимательном анализе документов и ограниченном хронологическом периоде могут быть дополнены. Поэтому новизна статьи, как следует из ее названия, состоит в постановке новых исследовательских задач, работа над которыми или их последующее уточнение, возможно, поможет российской германистике возвратить свое законное место в исследованиях по истории ГДР.

Barnaul Municipality: Some Historiographical Aspects of the 140-Year-Old Way In 2017, the Altai region and Barnaul mark a number of significant events, the most important of which is the 80th anniversary of the region and the 140th anniversary of the city of Barnaul's government. Upcoming anniversaries can attract the interest of the population to their native land and its historical heritage. The aim of this study is to examine the different stages of formation, development and reforming of local government in the urban district — the city of Barnaul, Altai Krai. The work is significant from the practical point of view as it gives the analysis of local government structures in the different periods of the 19th — 21th centuries. The article presents a number of examples of real activity of municipal bodies and their heads as the authors believe that the local government always relied on the activities of specific individuals. The direct participation of the authors in the process under study in the 1990s—2000s allows the use of methods of observation, objective and subjective analysis of the processes, comparing historical and contemporary facts. The emphasis is made that peer review carried out in the study area is an important component of the modern process of municipal governance which should take place with the consideration of historical and local traditions.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)2-31 ; В 2017 г. Алтайский край и Барнаул отмечают ряд знаменательных событий, главные из них — 80-летие края и 140-летие барнаульского городского самоуправления. Предстоящие юбилеи дают повод привлечь интерес населения к малой Родине, ее историческому наследию. Целью данного исследования является изучение различных этапов становления, развития и реформирования местного самоправления в городском округе — городе Барнауле Алтайского края. Практическую значимость работе придает анализ структуры городского самоуправления в различные периоды XIX–XXI вв. Приводится ряд примеров реальной деятельности муниципальных органов и их руководителей, так как самоуправление всегда держится на деятельности конкретных людей. Непосредственное участие авторов в исследуемом процессе в 1990–2000-е гг. позволяет использовать методы включенного наблюдения, объективного и субъективного анализа происходящих процессов, сопоставления исторических и современных фактов. Подчеркивается, что осуществляемая в исследуемой области экспертная оценка является важной составляющей современного процесса муниципального управления, который должен проходить с учетом исторических и местных традиций.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)2-31