Suchergebnisse

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.

The doctoral dissertation analyses the recent overhaul of the EU banking policy framework in 2012–2016 with the aim of answering two interrelated questions. First, why did the euro area member states decide to surrender national control over their banking systems by creating a banking union despite the fact that similar proposals had been constantly rejected in the past? Second, what accounts for the content of the established banking union? The research argues that the European sovereign debt crisis and, more specifically, its Spanish episode in the first half of 2012 were a necessary but insufficient condition for the European leaders' historic decision. Building on a deterministic interpretation of punctuated equilibrium theory, the author explains the creation of the banking union by three intervening factors: interdependence of the euro area member states that led to changes in the EU banking policy image held by the governments of the largest euro area states, and the politicisation of the related banking policy-making venue. Having showed that the content of the final agreements corresponded to the identified 'preventive' banking union type, the author argues that it can be best explained by the interaction of preference intensity of member states and political legitimacy of their national positions. Accordingly, the research explains the content of the banking union by the exposure of German banks' to the most stressed Southern euro area member states at the start of negotiations and the German government's 'rhetorical entrapment' at later stages. It is also argued that the entire EU bargaining process was facilitated by 'constructive ambiguity' related to the finality of the banking union.

This work explores the tendencies of globalization and regionalization in the modern Civil Procedure within European and Eurasian regions. These tendencies take the form of systematic convergence of national laws on Civil Justice, which basically may appear in two forms: unification (elaboration of common rules for several countries) and harmonization (establishment of consistent regulation). The present research seeks to find out who, under what conditions and for what purpose may need convergence in procedural sphere; why this phenomenon is relatively new in contemporary law. According to the author, convergence may be achieved through such mechanisms as international treaty-making and supranational lawmaking, judicial rulemaking and the drafting of model acts. Dissertation intends to demonstrate how the process of CPL approximation takes place within the European Union and Eurasian Economic Union, what difficulties their Member States come across, how is it possible to improve the situation and what are the perspectives of the two regions cooperation. The work applies systemic, logical, comparative, historical, documentary-analytical and other methods. Research is based on a significant number of normative and non-normative acts, scholar articles and monographs, as well as case law. The object, aim and tasks of the work demonstrate that it is predominantly doctrinal in nature, that is why a key role belongs to theoretical methods and analytical work with the sources.

The doctoral dissertation analyses the recent overhaul of the EU banking policy framework in 2012–2016 with the aim of answering two interrelated questions. First, why did the euro area member states decide to surrender national control over their banking systems by creating a banking union despite the fact that similar proposals had been constantly rejected in the past? Second, what accounts for the content of the established banking union? The research argues that the European sovereign debt crisis and, more specifically, its Spanish episode in the first half of 2012 were a necessary but insufficient condition for the European leaders' historic decision. Building on a deterministic interpretation of punctuated equilibrium theory, the author explains the creation of the banking union by three intervening factors: interdependence of the euro area member states that led to changes in the EU banking policy image held by the governments of the largest euro area states, and the politicisation of the related banking policy-making venue. Having showed that the content of the final agreements corresponded to the identified 'preventive' banking union type, the author argues that it can be best explained by the interaction of preference intensity of member states and political legitimacy of their national positions. Accordingly, the research explains the content of the banking union by the exposure of German banks' to the most stressed Southern euro area member states at the start of negotiations and the German government's 'rhetorical entrapment' at later stages. It is also argued that the entire EU bargaining process was facilitated by 'constructive ambiguity' related to the finality of the banking union.

The thesis consists of three main parts. The first part analyses the concept of market abuse and the main forms of market abuse, i.e. insider dealing and market manipulation. It also looks into the historical background to the emergence of the prohibition of market abuse, as well as the content and justification of the prohibition. Finally, this part provides a comparative analysis of EU legislation in the area of market abuse. The second part presents a comparative analysis of certain constituent elements of administrative offences (Article 93(1)(14) and (17) of the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Markets in Financial Instruments ("LMFI"); Articles 14 and 15 of Market Abuse Regulation (EU) No 596/2014) and criminal acts (Articles 217 and 218 of the CC) relating to insider dealing and market manipulation. This part of the thesis discloses the content of the main criteria of distinction between administrative and criminal liability for market abuse, as well as identifies problematic aspects of the qualification of those acts. Given that the upper limit for penalties provided for in Article 93(1)(14) and (17) of the LMFI, compared to the amounts of penalties provided for in the Code of Administrative Offences until 28 June 2017, is exceptionally high, the aim of the third part is to assess whether those penalties comply with the principles of justice and proportionality. The analysis also addresses the issue of whether the financial markets supervisory authority is an appropriate entity in charge of imposing those penalties. This part of the thesis also analyses the compliance of a sentence of imprisonment contained in the sanctions provided for in Articles 217 and 218 of the CC with the principles of justice and proportionality.

Master Thesis is focused on the culture and politics in Singapore's landscape architecture. The aim of the work is to analyze how Singapore's landscape architecture is presented in the photographs on the official website of the Singapore Tourism Board. Tasks of the work: to present the framework of semiotic and cultural geography theories; to discuss the political and ideological context in which Singapore's landscape architecture is being shaped; to form the analytical tool by using the examples of the methodology of semiotic analysis and the principles of cultural geography; to carry out a detailed analysis of the landscape architecture depicted in the photographs; to provide analytical results that will detail the representation of the culture and politics through the landscape architecture. With the help of synthesis of two sets of cultural research tools (semiotics and cultural geography), a unique instrument of analysis has been developed, which has proven that landscape architecture in Singapore can be regarded as representational material emphasizing the specific cultural and political aspects of the country, as it is formed on the basis of the strategic measures being implemented by the government. The analysis has shown how landscape architectural objects work by transmitting encoded systems of meanings that not only provide information about the location, but also culturally and politically mobilize the society using these objects. The Master thesis and the created semiotic analysis tool for landscape architecture could be useful to researchers in architecture and communication, who are planning to carry out a semiotic analysis of landscape architecture, as well as for scholars of Transcultural studies of Asia interested in Singapore cultural research.

This paper analyzes the narrative of the Lithuanian Independent Movement (Sąjūdis) in the history textbooks. The question is proposed whether the truth telling in such a narrative is based only on the representation of the historical truth, or it is organized to meet other criteria presupposed in the narrative of educational discourse, such as forming an identity, representing democratic and humanistic values, that are treated as the basis of the modern democratic republic. Veridiction and historiality terms are used to interpret historical-educational narrative and find such values in the text.

Linguistic Expressions Creating Negative Image of Refugees in DELFI News Portal The aim of this MA thesis is to analyze collocations of the token refugee, and nouns of negative connotation in a broader context, and find out what linguistic constructs are used to convey the negative image of refugees in the DELFI news portal. Also, to determine what traits of hate speech are used to form this negative image. The material of this study consists of corpora compiled by the author of this paper and is based on all articles published on the DELFI from 2011 to 2017 November that had the token refugee mentioned at least once. The total amount of words of the corpora is 2 963 152. The corpora is available at Vilnius university, Faculty of Philology, Institute of Applied Linguistics studies department. After analyzing the token's refugee grammatical forms, the use of feminine and masculine gender, and corpora's most common negative nouns, three collocations were discovered to be most commonly used: war refugees, refugee problem and refugee crisis. After carrying out the analysis of the most common words that go with these collocations, it was decided to concentrate only on those examples that portray refugees in a negative context. While analysing the data both quantitative (corpus linguistics) and qualitative methods were applied and 49 examples were examined. Given the results of the study, the following conclusions can be drawn. The negative image of refugees is constructed by comparing them with terrorists, portraying them as a mass or a group of people, avoiding to show them as individuals, and naming groups of them as objects that can be shared (sharing the burden of refugee crisis, the question of further sharing). The use of water metaphors (tide, flood, flow) create the impression that refugees pose an unstoppable and destructive effect. It was also discovered that refugees are often portrayed within negative themes, the presented information about them is half true or false, refugees are frequently named next to other negative phenomena of the time (terrorist attacks, economic migrants). Furthermore, refugees are portrayed as a threat and danger to society, and politicians, journalists, and columnists tend to use negatively connotated lexis that incite fear for safety (real danger, potential threat). These findings could be useful for linguists, sociologists, and journalists, and contribute to the improvement of the refugee image, taking notice in media's and country leaders' publicly used lexis.

The Philosophical Conception of Music in Classical Greece The phenomenon of music is one of the central aspects of Greek culture. The Greek word for music (mousikē) means the art of the Muses and is related to the literary and theatrical tradition. Its significance can be seen from the universal use in a huge variety of different social practices. This thesis aims to analyse the phenomenon not from the empiric evidence (the discourse of musical iconography and musicology is much more explored), but through the texts where music is reflected on the theoretical basis. Special attention is paid to the texts regarding philosophical considerations of music, in particular the writings by Plato and Aristotle, the musical tradition of Pythagorean thought (mostly reconstructed from the Corpus Pythagoricum) as well as the remarks related to the aforementioned traditions. It is argued that these texts were of highest importance in Classical Greece and their frame of reference became the starting point of conceptual music for the later authors. The concept of music is ambiguous on many levels even in the ancient Greek texts. There are two main traditions, one of which focuses on talking about the empirical music and another that conceptualises the phenomenon by connecting many other philosophical contexts, such as mathematics, harmony, ethics etc. Those which do not relate music to the philosophical background usually define music as an enclosed niche with autarchic laws, though this tradition is confronted with the question of how music can affect people, and these discussions often lead to the theoretical / philosophical contemplation. The tradition of Pythagoras is understood as the medium between the archaic and classical tradition of Greek thought. Their ideas about finding the basis of hidden, though fundamental, structure of the world leads to the claim that the number is the foundation of reality. The number has mystical philosophical relevance, but what is most important for the analysis of music, is that harmony of cosmos has the same numerical basis as musical harmony. Numbers define the laws of cosmos, as well as the laws of human soul and music becomes the representation of these laws both on sensual and theoretical level. In Classical Greek world music is not only the phenomenon of sound, it corresponds to the principles of profound nature and it could be understood only by invoking mathematical knowledge. Music is perceived as numerical and temporal phenomenon leading to the intellectual work of mind. The mathematical nature of music in relation to other elements of reality is further developed in Plato's Timaeus. Pythagorean theory of music and cosmos, mathematics and proportions, is described explicitly and the Timaeus' version of the universe can be seen as a tuned musical instrument. The dialectic of stability and change is also analysed both on the levels of cosmos and musical laws. The proportion establishes a diversity of elements and at the same time enables a clearly definable unified identity (that is argued to be one of the keystones for understanding any form of Greek art). The textual analysis of the terms ἁρμονία (harmonia) and συμφωνία (sumphonia) affirms the importance of proportion. Because of its numeric nature music can affect human soul that also has numeric nature, and through imitation of emotions make a huge influence on the level of ēthos, as well as on political and social life. Music might be invoked for both virtuous and vicious means, therefore, the regulation of the phenomenon and appropriate tradition-forming laws have to be implemented in the musical culture of society.

Juozas Baltušis: the Outlook and Works of a Soviet Writer Juozas Baltušis (1909–1991) was a Lithuanian writer, politician and public figure. He also worked in the radio and the press. Some of his most popular works are the "Tale of Juza", "Sold Summers" and the memoirs titled "What You Ate the Salt With". J. Baltušis was a writer valued by the Soviet Government and his readers. He was given the honorary title of folk writer and was an active participant in the public Soviet life. The writer had important administrative and political positions. During his meetings with the audience, when giving public speeches and participating in TV shows, J. Baltušis promoted the achievements of the Soviet Union and criticized the rotten West and the trouble-ridden past of the independent Lithuania. His unique social status granted him certain privileges. J. Baltušis was often associated with betrayals of other writers and controversial speeches regarding the endeavors to restore the independence of Lithuania. When the reformation movement started, J. Baltušis found it difficult to adapt to the rapidly changing conditions. Thus, he never joined the Reform Movement of Lithuania and kept to his communism ideals until his death. While some of the writer's ideas were consistent, others changed along with the political situation and the age. The Master Thesis presents an analysis of the many-sided personality of J. Baltušis by going through each of the aspects and revealing the entirety of the writer's ideas, his value system, lifestyle and peculiarities of his creative works. The research revealed the ambivalent nature of J. Baltušis: he presented himself one way when in public and seemed completely different at home when writing his diary. The attitudes of J. Baltušis had radical differences. The research object of the Master Thesis titled "Juozas Baltušis: the Outlook and Works of a Soviet Writer" is the lifestyle and creative endeavors of the writer J. Baltušis as revealed in his diary and public speeches. The research delves deeper into the approaches held by J. Baltušis towards relevant historic and political issues, the Soviet society and the Soviet regime and his value system. The paper also analyzes the relation between the writer and his ideas presented in public during the Soviet Time as defined in the autobiographical documents. The goals of the study are to reveal the approach to lifestyle of J. Baltušis that is evident in his public behavior and personal life, the unique formation of the image of "other me", to review the writer's political views and their relations to public activities, and to discuss the qualities of the creative endeavors of the writer as revealed in his autobiographical documents. Nowadays, the Soviet times are viewed simplistically and attempts are made to group all the writers into clear-cut categories. Meanwhile, attempts to encompass the contradictory entirety of ideas and behavior of people during the Soviet times are far and few between. The personality and personal belongings of J. Baltušis oppose the schematic view towards the Soviet times and help to reveal and get insights into the complex and contradictory nature of the Soviet reality. The topic is relevant due to the novel nature of the research: the paper analyzes all of the preserved diary volumes of J. Baltušis that are stored in the Lithuanian Archive of Literature and Art. The periodic publication titled Years had published only several fragments of the said diary. The analysis is based on the research of autobiographical documents carried out by Rudolf Dekker and Philipp Lejeune and the works of Rimantas Glinskis and Gitana Vanagaitė who adapted the theories formulated by the first researchers of autobiographical documents in the analysis of the diaries and memoirs of Lithuanian authors. The paper is also based on the concept of homo sovieticus and the concept of ketman derived in "The Captive Mind essay" by Cz. Miłosz.

Wisdom has always been one of the main human aspirations and its importance has been encoded in language since ancient Greece. With reference to the theoretical presumptions and methods of Lublin cognitive ethnolinguistics, this master's thesis aims to explore wisdom and its perception, worldview, evaluation, and its place in the set of moral values and virtues appreciated by the Lithuanian nation. The main part of this thesis consists of a concept analysis which is structured in three parts. The first part is an investigation of data from dictionaries. It reflects the given definitions and examples of the word wisdom and its derivatives in contemporary Lithuanian dictionaries, synonymic and antonymic relations, phraseology, and etymology. The second part opposes the first in the sense that it analyzes data from a students' survey and represents the contemporaryperception of wisdom of a young person from Lithuania. The third part contains an analysis of data from six different discourses: philosophical, political, religious, social, publicistic, and literary. It shows similarities and differences between main elements of wisdom exposed in various discourses. Finally, based on the material collected, the cognitive definition is formulated. It reflects the actual perception of wisdom in Lithuanian's mind, together with its importance, development, and coherence to other values and virtues.

Regimes During the State of War, Enhanced Protection and the State of Emergency in Interwar Lithuania In the Master's thesis " Regimes During the State of War, Enhanced Protection and the State of Emergency in Interwar Lithuania " the aim is to analyze the types of emergency regimes, that existed in Lithuania during the interwar period. Another aim is to present the consequences these regimes produced. The paper presents the following regimes: state of war and enhanced protection and sets to describe and compare the various regimes during intewar period. Master's thesis has a clear goal to define and grasp various concepts of various states of exception and to point out the interaction between theoretical and practical notions of the state of emergency. The first part of the work presents the historical overview of the interwar period in Lithuania, revealing the political situation and geopolitical circumstances. Leaning upon the works of historians and scientific material, highlighted are the events and reasons for the introduction of states of emergency in the interwar Lithuania. The first part is divided into four sections, which help to systematically and broadly look at the whole set of circumstances, which created the preconditions for emergency law measures to become a phenomenon that accompanied the Republic of Lithuania throughout the interwar period. The second part focuses on states of exception as a category studied by the science of legal theory. Since the various states of emergency is the consequence of various circumstances, the aim is to broaden the theoretical concepts, institutes and attitudes from the perspective of emergency regimes, while simultaneously seeking answers to the question: what is a state of exception? The author, based on the scientific sources legal theory, compares some of the concepts of the state of exception and presents them in a doctrinal sense. The third part gives a detailed overview of the emergency regimes operating during the interwar period in the Republic of Lithuania. Different sources and provisions of different laws are analyzed. It reveals, how the constantly implemented state of war became a huge part of the day to day life, which influenced the whole country's society, legal environment and political situation. The third part also raises the question of whether the permanent status of state of war was a precondition for preventing democratic governance and political pluralism from developing in the country. The problems of social rights and freedoms enshrined in the constitutions, which were diminished for a long time during the state of war, are emphasized. It also reveals the problematic aspects of the hazardous practice of law enforcement during the military regime period. The fourth part of the work compares the exceptional legal regimes of modern times and interwar Lithuania. The aim is to find common points of contact between both periods, as well as distinguishing novelties of the modern times. An attempt is made to find logical interfaces between two periods and it it sought to explain the differences between regulation emergency regimes. A lot of attention is paid to showing how law enforcement practices have changed since the interwar period up to the present time through the theoretical provisions of the Law on Emergency Situations and Law on the State of war.

The theme of the Master's thesis is automatic exchange of financial accounts. Taking into account the current tax policy climate in the fight against tax evasion, work is being tasked with. One of them is the self-disclosure of automatic exchange of financial accounts. The work also examines international automated exchange models that are used to obtain information on financial accounts. The focus is on three models - the Common Reporting Standard, the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, the Directive on Administrative Assistance. The paper examines Lithuania's efforts to implement international models and provides an assessment. Data protection for automatic exchange of financial accounts is taken into account. The paper automatic exchange of financial accounts is analyzed in accordance with the international models of contracts and their sources commented. The doctrine of the tax law proposals of the European Union working groups and case law of Court of Justice of the European Union on data protection and taken into consideration.

This Master's thesis deals with the institute of individual constitutional complaint as an effective instrument for protection of personal rights and development of consitutionalism. Individual constitutional complaint is one of the legislative measures used on an individual's initiative and aimed at ensuring the protection of constitutional rights and freedoms of individuals against unconstitutional acts of public authorities. Thus, individual constitutional complaint enables individuals to make decisions about the protection of their rights. It is the best and simplest mechanism ensuring actual protection of human rights. The first part of the work analyses the premises, historical development, formation and prevalence of individual constitutional complaint. The second part of the Master's thesis reveals the reasons for a legal reform with regard to individual constitutional complaint and the main arguments why the existing model of limited application to the Constitutional Court should be supplemented by introducing the right for natural and legal persons to refer to the Constitutional Court directly. The third part presents the evaluation of the institute of individual constitutional complaint in the Lithuanian legal system and the prospects for its validation. Taking into account the historical context of this legal measure and providing the examples of foreign practice (Germany and Latvia), the thesis presents the pros and cons of individual constitutional complaint models, which are crucial for effective introduction into the Lithuanian legal system. It is noted that there is not and cannot be a single model of individual constitutional complaint, because each country, taking into account its social and cultural conditions, legal system and legal consciousness of its society, must adopt a unique and distinctive model of individual constitutional complaint that would function effectively. The expediency and legal prospects of individual constitutional complaint in the Lithuanian legal system are disclosed through the analysis of legislation and draft legislation regulating the guidelines for the introduction and prospects of individual constitutional complaint in the constitutional framework of Lithuania. Theoretical and practical aspects and prospects of establishing the institute of individual constitutional complaint in the national legal system of Lithuania are discussed. In order to achieve the aim of the research, an overview of international legislation which has a strong influence on the Lithuanian legal system is provided.

In recent years, the European Union's restrictive measures against the Russian Federation in response to the conflict in Ukraine have been the subject of many wide-ranging analyses, in the fields of political science, international relations and economics. Nevertheless, in the field of law, there is still a lack of efforts in assessing them. This work is an attempt to look at this topic through the prism of European Union law. The first part of the paper examines the legal regulation of the European Union restrictive measures (sanctions). Beginning with the origins of the European Union, the issue of the origins of Common Foreign and Security Policy is examined. As well as the manner in which economic sanctions were adopted in those times. The paper goes on to examine the effects of the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon as regards the analysis of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. The author examines the unique position of this policy in the Treaty on European Union and in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, further consistently assessing the role of its actors: the Member States and Union institutions The next part outlines the implementing measures for this policy area (for example, the nature of the Council decisions). Finally, it focuses on one of the instruments of the Common Foreign and Security Policy - the legal mechanism for restrictive measures. The paper describes their goals, principles, as well as procedural aspects: adoption, implementation, monitoring processes. Following this, the second part of the work first briefly describes the events of 2014, from the mass demonstrations of Ukrainian citizens against the non-signature of the Association Agreement with the European Union, to the illegal annexation of Crimea by Russia - an unprecedented act of aggression against another sovereign state (the first since the end of the second world war ), finally leading to the European Union adopting the above-mentioned measures aimed at correcting the behavior of the Russian regime. The third part deals with the specific restrictive measures concerning the Russian Federation and the actions taken by its leadership: (a) in response to actions that directly harm Ukraine's territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence; (b) trade restrictions regarding Crimea and Sevastopol; (c) and finally the sectoral / economic measures against Russia. The fourth part examines the first cases brought before the General Court of the European Union and the Court of Justice of the European Union