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This timely analysis examines the complex state of youth unemployment across Europe and offers cogent policy suggestions for addressing this longstanding societal problem. The findings reveal numerous national and regional factors affecting youth joblessness--not only market and economic challenges, but also deep sociocultural and political dynamics underlying the situations. Coverage details how the standard transition from school to work is disrupted in an already depressed adult job market, and compares a wide range of responses in terms of both young people's educational decision-making and national youth policy. In particular, contributors assess whether the current crop of Youth Guarantee programs can/should be a model for employment policy across the continent. Among the topics covered: Youth labour market prospects and recent policy developments. Youth labour market in Central and Eastern Europe. Early school dropout in Spain: evolution during the Great Recession. Overeducation among European university graduates: a constraint or a choice? Promoting youth employment in Europe: evidence-based policy lessons. The evaluation of a Finnish youth guarantee: lessons for Europe? European Youth Labour Markets is of interest to an international audience of economists, sociologists, and leaders in governmental, non-profit, and corporate sectors through its broad and comparative macroeconomic focus and implications for policymaking, research, resource allocation, and policy evaluation.

The paper studies the efficiency of Swedish labour market policies for young workers. Using age discontinuities which define which policy regime an individual is covered by we present quasi-experimental evidence on the relative efficiency of different policy regimes currently in use. Results suggest that youth policies are more effective than the policies covering adult unemployed. The effects mainly appear early in the unemployment spell; we find no evidence of positive long run effects. To uncover which part of the policies that accounts for the positive effect, we use matching techniques to study the relative efficiency of youth programmes and general adult programmes which are available also for the young. The results indicate that youth programmes are significantly less effective than adult oriented programmes. Overall, the evidence thus suggest that youth policies speed up the transition from unemployment to jobs either due to pre-programme deterrence effects or because of more intense job search support from the public employment services before the programmes.

The paper studies the relative effectiveness of various Swedish labour market policies for young workers. Using age discontinuities which define the policy regime each individual is covered by, we present quasi-experimental evidence on the relative efficiency of different policy regimes currently in use. Results suggest that youth policies are more effective than the policies covering other unemployed. The effects mainly appear early in the unemployment spell; we find no evidence of positive long run effects. To uncover which part of the policies that accounts for the positive effect, we use matching techniques to study the relative effectiveness of youth programmes and general adult programmes which are available also for the young. The results indicate that youth programmes are significantly less effective than programmes for adults. Overall, the evidence suggest that youth policies speed up the transition from unemployment to jobs either due to pre-programme deterrence effects or because of more intense job search support from the public employment services before the programmes. ; Dieser Beitrag behandelt die Effektivität der Arbeitsmarktpolitik für junge Erwachsene in Schweden. Durch Nutzung von Altersunterschieden beim Eintritt in die verschiedenen Programme lässt sich die relative Wirksamkeit der Maßnahmen als quasinatürliches Experiment bestimmen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Maßnahmen für junge Erwachsene effektiver sind als Maßnahmen für andere Arbeitslose. Dieser Effekt tritt vor allem bei kurzer Arbeitslosigkeit ein. Um die Wirksamkeit der einzelnen Maßnahmen zu testen, verwenden wir Matching-Verfahren. Dabei werden auch die allgemeinen Arbeitsmarktprogramme einbezogen, die ebenfalls von jungen Erwachsenen wahrgenommen werden. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Programme selbst für junge Erwachsene weniger effektiv sind als die für andere Erwachsene. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass Programme für junge Erwachsene den Übergang aus der Arbeitslosigkeit in die Beschäftigung beschleunigen, entweder weil sie die Teilnehmer abschrecken oder weil die Jobsuche im Vorfeld der Programme besser gefördert wird.

International audience ; Comparative research on youth employment has mostly focused on differences between countries or regimes of youth transitions. The territorial differentiation below country level has been less explored, notwithstanding the potential impact on youth-life chances and the territorial cohesion of the European Union. This paper aims at deepening into the investigation of regional variations in patterns of youth labour market chances. To do this, we build on a composite indicator measuring regional youth labour market integration (YLMI) as a comprehensive measure of contextual fragilities (or strengths) of regional youth labour markets. We provide both comparative and longitudinal views over 15 years (2004–18). Furthermore, we explore the impact of contextual factors related to economic conditions, labour market and demographic trends on the regional patterns of youth integration in the labour market.

International audience Comparative research on youth employment has mostly focused on differences between countries or regimes of youth transitions. The territorial differentiation below country level has been less explored, notwithstanding the potential impact on youth-life chances and the territorial cohesion of the European Union. This paper aims at deepening into the investigation of regional variations in patterns of youth labour market chances. To do this, we build on a composite indicator measuring regional youth labour market integration (YLMI) as a comprehensive measure of contextual fragilities (or strengths) of regional youth labour markets. We provide both comparative and longitudinal views over 15 years (2004–18). Furthermore, we explore the impact of contextual factors related to economic conditions, labour market and demographic trends on the regional patterns of youth integration in the labour market.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Motivation -- 1.2 Outline of the Chapters -- 1.2.1 International Comparisons and Country Analyses -- 1.2.2 Identifying Problems -- 1.2.3 Policies -- Chapter 2: Youth Labour Market Prospects and Recent Policy Developments -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Recent Labour Market and Social Trends Among Youth -- 2.2.1 Young Europeans Face some of the Highest Unemployment Rates Across Regions -- 2.2.2 Risks of Social Exclusion Are Being Driven by a Lack of Quality Opportunities -- 2.3 Recent Policy Developments -- 2.3.1 A Comprehensive and Innovative Labour Market Approach: The Youth Guarantee -- 2.3.2 What Makes Youth Labour Interventions Successful? A Look at the Youth Guarantee Country Programmes -- 2.3.3 Policy Developments Towards an Effective Response to the Youth Labour Market Crisis: The Implementation of the Youth Guarantee -- 2.3.3.1 European Countries' Measures to Support Youth Employment -- 2.3.3.2 Existing Support Mechanisms for the Implementation of Youth Policies -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Youth Employment in the Iberian Countries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Problems of the Youth Labour Markets in the Iberian Countries -- 3.2.1 Youth Unemployment -- 3.2.2 Education -- 3.3 Policies for the Youth Labour Markets in the Iberian Countries -- 3.3.1 Youth Employment Programmes in Spain -- 3.3.2 Implementation of the Youth Guarantee in Spain -- 3.3.3 Youth Employment Programmes in Portugal -- 3.3.4 The Youth Guarantee in Spain and Portugal -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: What Makes Greek Youth More Vulnerable to Unemployment? -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Youth Unemployment and the Case of Greece -- 4.3 Data and Methodology -- 4.4 Results -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Youth Labour Market in Central and Eastern Europe

This paper evaluates two Swedish active labour market programmes for youth, namely youth practice and labour market training. A non-parametric matching approach is applied to estimate the average program effects. Moreover, the results obtained by matching are compared to results from standard linear regression and probit models, and a polychotomous selectivity model. The results indicate either zero or negative effects of both programmes on earnings, re-employment probability and probability of studies in the short run, whereas some of the long-run effects are estimated positive. However, there is much heterogeneity in the estimated treatment effects among the individuals.

This timely analysis examines the complex state of youth unemployment across Europe and offers cogent policy suggestions for addressing this longstanding societal problem. The findings reveal numerous national and regional factors affecting youth joblessness-not only market and economic challenges, but also deep sociocultural and political dynamics underlying the situations. Coverage details how the standard transition from school to work is disrupted in an already depressed adult job market, and compares a wide range of responses in terms of both young people's educational decision-making and national youth policy. In particular, contributors assess whether the current crop of Youth Guarantee programs can/should be a model for employment policy across the continent. Among the topics covered: Youth labour market prospects and recent policy developments. Youth labour market in Central and Eastern Europe. Early school dropout in Spain: evolution during the Great Recession. Overeducation among European university graduates: a constraint or a choice? Promoting youth employment in Europe: evidence-based policy lessons. The evaluation of a Finnish youth guarantee: lessons for Europe? European Youth Labour Markets is of interest to an international audience of economists, sociologists, and leaders in governmental, non-profit, and corporate sectors through its broad and comparative macroeconomic focus and implications for policymaking, research, resource allocation, and policy evaluation.

Dans le cadre de notre recherche, nous étudions la façon dont les expériences dans le marché du travail des jeunes sans‐abri et l'inter‐prétation qu'ils font du chômage sont liées à leur comportement criminel. À partir d'entretiens réalisés auprès d'un échantillon de 200 jeunes homines vivant dans la rue, les données recueillies indiquent que ces jeunes se sentent exclus du marché du travail du fait des expériences négatives qu'ils ont vécues. Ce phénomène est exacerbé par le chômage à long terme, qui détruit la motivation et conduit les jeunes à rechercher d'autres exutoires matériels. En outre, les jeunes en viennent à considérer le système social comme injuste et se sen‐tent inaptes à l'emploi, ce qui augmente le risque qu'ils participent à des activités criminelles. Les jeunes qui restent lies à la société tradi‐tionnelle et continuent de croire à l'idéologie dominante du mérite réagissent par la dépression ou la culpabilité menant à une fuite passive et favorisant le comportement criminel. En revanche, les jeunes qui refusent l'idéologie font étant d'un affect négatif minimal et met‐tent en valeur la supérioritý matérielle et sociale qu'ils accordent aux activités criminelles par rapport à l'emploi qu'ils ont pu occuper avant et qui leur était offert. Les conclusions de cet article s'appuient sur les théories de la contrainte, du contrôle et de la sous‐culture.The research explores how homeless street youths' labour market experiences and interpretations of unemployment are linked to criminal behavior. Using interviews with a sample of 200 male street youth, the data suggest that these youths become alienated from the labour market because of negative experiences in their jobs. This is exacerbated by long‐term unemployment that destroys motivation and leaves the youths looking for other material opportunities. Further, the youths come to see the social system as unfair and themselves as unemployable, making it more likely they will become involved in criminal activities. Those youths who remain bonded to the conventional society and continue to believe in the dominant meritocratic ideology respond with depression and guilt, which lead to a passive withdrawal and inhibit criminal behavior. In contrast, those youth who dismiss the ideology display minimal negative affect and reveal that criminal activities are superior both materially and socially to previous and available employment. Findings are discussed in terms of strain, control and subcultural theories.