Suchergebnisse

South Africa is the world's 25th-largest country by surface area, and 24th-largest by population. It is located at the southernmost region of Africa and divided into nine provinces: Limpopo, North West, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Northern Cape, Western Cape and Eastern Cape. South Africa's colonial past dates to the 16th century. Slavery was widespread by the 17th century and was not abolished until the mid-19th century. Racial discrimination was rampant during the apartheid era between 1948-94, when South Africa was governed by the National Party. After protracted negotiations, the first democratic elections were held under an Interim Constitution in 1994. This negotiated transition from apartheid to democracy has been hailed as both 'one of the most astonishing political achievements of our time' and 'a miracle'. Since 1994 the government has been led by the African National Congress (ANC), which won democratic elections in 1999, 2004 and 2009. Since 1994 the government has pursued democratisation, socioeconomic change and reconciliation.

577Diplomatic relations — Diplomatic protection — Applicant requesting diplomatic protection from Government of South Africa against Government of Zimbabwe — Whether applicant entitled to diplomatic protection — Whether State having obligation to provide diplomatic protection — Position under international law — Whether South Africa entitled to afford diplomatic protection — South African Constitution — Responsibility of executive for conducting foreign relations — Discretion of executive with respect to diplomatic relations — Zimbabwean expropriation of farmland — Whether violating international minimum standardsNationality — Diplomatic protection — Nationality requirement for international delict — Whether nationality rule disqualifying South African Government from affording diplomatic protection to applicant — Applicant sole shareholder in companies incorporated in Zimbabwe — Whether expropriation of property of companies by Zimbabwe capable of giving rise to diplomatic protection by South AfricaClaims — Exhaustion of local remedies — Diplomatic protection — Exhaustion of local remedies rule for international delict — Whether effective local remedies availableRelationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Whether justiciable in municipal court — Nature of protection — Whether court entitled to question efficacy of steps taken by South African Government — The law of South Africa

Cover -- CONTENTS -- A NEW OPPORTUNITY TO REIGNITE GROWTH -- RECENT MACRO-FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENTS -- BASELINE SCENARIO: OUTLOOK ON CURRENT POLICIES -- RISK ASSESSMENT -- REFORM SCENARIO: COMPLETING UNFINISHED TASKS -- ADVANCING THE STRUCTURAL REFORM AGENDA -- A. Improving Governance and Fighting Corruption -- B. Advancing Product Market Reforms -- C. Increasing Labor Market Flexibility and Improving the Quality of Basic Education -- D. Leveraging Digitalization -- STABILIZING DEBT AT COMFORTABLE LEVELS -- ANCHORING INFLATION EXPECTATIONS AT LOWER LEVELS -- SAFEGUARDING FINANCIAL STABILITY AND DEEPENING INCLUSION -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Impact of Key Political Events and Policy Decisions on Markets -- 2. Distributional Impact of Fiscal Policy and Low Inflation -- 3. Recent Actions Taken by the Government to Fight Corruption and Improve Governance -- 4. Improving Efficiency and Reducing Fiscal Costs of SOEs -- 5. Land Reform Considerations -- 6. Addressing the Challenges of Low Education Quality -- FIGURES -- 1. Economic and Social Context -- 2. Real Sector Developments -- 3. External Sector Developments -- 4. Monetary, Banking, and Fiscal Sector Developments -- 5. Financial Market Developments -- 6. Regional Spillovers from South Africa -- 7. Buffers -- 8. Vulnerabilities -- 9. Constraints to Growth -- 10. Restarting Growth -- 11. Readiness for Digitalization -- 12. Stabilizing Debt -- 13. Anchoring Inflation Expectations and Financial Stability -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2013-19 -- 2. Consolidated Government Operations, 2012/13-2020/21 -- 3. Balance of Payments, 2013-23 -- 4. Financial Corporations, 2013-23 -- 5. Financial Soundness Indicators, 2012-17 -- 6. Medium Term Macroeconomic Framework, 2013-23 -- 7. Indicators of External Vulnerability, 2012-17 -- ANNEXES -- I. Governance, Corruption, and Economic Performance

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Geopolitical Focus on Southern Africa -- The Emphasis on Apartheid -- Interdependence -- South African Hegemony -- Geopolitical Focus -- 2 Economic Interdependence -- Regional Interdependence -- Economic Vulnerability -- Landlocked States -- Black African Ports -- South African Ports -- Rail Network -- Other Dependencies -- Global Interdependence -- Foreign Policy Leverage -- Strategic Minerals -- The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty -- The Cape Route -- International Debt -- 3 Pluralism: The Domestic Challenge -- Historical Setting -- The Separation of Races -- Constitutional Reform -- Black Opposition -- 4 New Buffer States: South Africa's Regional Policy -- Economic Incentives -- New Buffer States -- Zimbabwe -- Mozambique -- Angola -- Policy Success -- 5 South Africa's Mining Industry: Mainstay of the Economy -- Minerals and the Economy -- Historical Setting -- Governmental Role in Mining -- Mining Laws -- Government Tax Policy -- Mineral Organizations -- The Private Sector -- Factors of Production -- Labor -- Foreign Workers -- The Black Labor Unions -- Energy -- Electricity -- Synthetic Fuels -- Transportation Infrastructure -- 6 Sanctions: A Double-Edged Sword -- Sanctions and Interdependence -- The Historical Application of Sanctions -- Sanctions Against South Africa -- South Africa's Economic Outlook -- Governmental Sanctions -- The Arms Embargo -- Oil and Nuclear Technology Sanctions -- Banning the Sale of Krugerrands -- Banning Bank Loans -- Government Sanctions in Europe and Japan -- Impact and Probability of a Trade Embargo -- Other Sanctions -- Impact of Sanctions on Southern Africa -- Zimbabwe -- Botswana -- Zambia -- Mozambique, Malawi, Swaziland and Lesotho -- Conclusion.

This article examines aspects of the complex relationship between South Africa and the rest of Africa from the presidency of Nelson Mandela through those of Thabo Mbeki and Jacob Zuma, showing how the relationship changed over time and exploring the influences that shaped South Africa's policy on and toward the continent—a policy that has largely been determined by the presidency rather than the Department of Foreign Affairs/International Relations and Co-operation. To understand the changing relationship between South Africa and the rest of the continent, it is necessary to consider, first, the history before 1994, then the dramatically altered situation that the transfer of power in South Africa brought about, Thabo Mbeki's interventionist approach to Africa in general, and Jacob Zuma's ambiguous involvement in continental affairs. The article concludes with some speculative thoughts on the role that South Africa may play on the continent in the future.

This thesis explores and traces the history of the clarinet in South Africa. After discussing the problems of researching western European music history in South Africa from the arrival of the Dutch in 1652, and briefly summarising that music history up to the first clarinet reference, the thesis goes through the existing clarinet references. These have been sourced from travellers' journals, newspapers, military histories, other theses, etc., with particular emphasis on the 19th century, since the clarinet was introduced to South Africa near the beginning of it, and the most unknown part of the clarinet's South African history is within it. The references are noted, discussed, and where possible, the performers' biographical details are given and discussed. This carries through to the beginning of the 20th century, at which point South Africa got its first professional symphony orchestra, and first College of Music. From here, the clarinet is deemed to be more readily available, so at this point, the focus changes to South African compositions for clarinet. Finally, a case study is done on Ali-Ben-Sou-Alle, who was the first clarinet soloist to visit South Africa, as well as one of the most interesting and mysterious characters encountered in this research.