Suchergebnisse

Purpose of Study: This research examines the possibility of state-owned enterprises being nailed in the legal system in Indonesia. According to the bankruptcy regulation in Indonesia, those who are unable to pay debts can be declared bankrupt by the creditors, including SOEs. However, other regulations state that the government's assets (including those within SOEs) cannot be confiscated, including within bankruptcy confiscation. Methodology: The research method used in this study is qualitative research using the type of doctrinal law research. The approach used is to use the statutory approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. Data from this study were obtained from commercial courts in Jakarta and Surabaya. Main Findings: this study found that there was a desynchronization of the regulations regarding the SOEs' bankruptcy, i.e., between the Bankruptcy Law and the other laws, and even points within the Bankruptcy Law itself. The example that can be taken in this study is PT Kertas Leces /Limited Liability Company (LLC) Kertas Leces) that had already gone bankrupt and experienced confiscation of its bankrupt assets. Implications: The ideal bankruptcy model for SOEs is that the bankruptcy applicants for SOEs in the form of public companies or state-owned companies should be the Minister of Finance. The Ministry of Finance is responsible for the operational policies and supervision of SOEs, amounting to approximately 115 companies in the form of public companies or state-owned companies, including those that have already gone public and those which have not. Novelty: previous studies have only focused on the assets of state-owned enterprises that have been separated and therefore bankrupt. This study examines another matter, namely that not all state-owned enterprises can be declared bankrupt and found one state-owned bankruptcy.

This study aims to analyze the Indonesian laws and regulations concerning the protection of intimate video makers. The research was conducted by analyzing the Pornography Law, the Information and Electronic Transaction Law, the Government Regulation on the Implementation of Electronic Transaction Systems, and the Regulation of the Minister of Information Communication on Personal Data Protection. This research found that data/documents that are made for oneself and for their own interests which are not prohibited by law and included to one of the privacy rights that must be protected by every human being and by the state. The making of this intimate video is included in the privacy rights to enjoy life and should not be contested. Activities contained in the video can range from holding hands, hugging, kissing to having sex with consent. Therefore, if there are those who oppose rights such as acquisition and distribution without consent, the owner of the personal data can file a lawsuit for damages and have a right to erase their electronic documents.Keywords: intimate video; protection; sexual lawAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peraturan perundang-undangan Indonesia yang memuat tentang perlindungan terhadap pembuat video mesra. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menganalisis Undang-Undang Pornografi, Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem Transaksi Elektronik serta Peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informasi tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa data/dokumen yang dibuat untuk diri sendiri dan kepentingan sendiri bukanlah hal yang dilarang oleh undang-undang dan justru harus dilindungi baik oleh tiap manusia maupun negara. Pembuatan video mesra ini termasuk dalam hak pribadi untuk menikmati hidup dan tidak boleh diganggu gugat. Aktivitas yang termuat dalam video tersebut bisa dari bergandengan tangan, berpelukan, berciuman hingga berhubungan badan yang dilakukan atas persetujuan. Oleh sebab itu jika terdapat pelanggaran terhadap hak seperti perolehan dan penyebarluasan tanpa persetujuan, pemilik data pribadi dapat mengajukan gugatan kerugian dan mengajukan permohonan untuk menghapus data tersebut.

The Jordanian legislator has organized the provisions of acknowledgment in the Evidence Law, but did not include provisions for interrogation of opponents as did by most of the Arab laws. However, the Jordanian legislator mentioned in one provision to the subject of interrogation, in a brief general provision provided for in paragraph (2) of Article (76) of Civil Procedure Law. This was adversely reflected on the provisions of the Jordanian courts as their role is limited to the application of the provisions of the law in force. Right of interrogation is limited to court of merits, as having solely the power to undertaking interrogation by itself, without interruption by request from opponents, but also despite their opposition. Interrogation comes, upon a request by one of the parties in a lawsuit, as a plaintiff, defendant or intermediate party. The court may also go back on its decision to interrogate the opponent without any supervision from the Court of Cassation, once found in the summons and the evidence submitted to it that is no need for executing the interrogation decision or if it considered that there is no point in taking action. Results of interrogation depend on and determined by the opponent's position who is interrogated during the interrogation process. If the court reached through interrogating the opponent, to a clear and explicit acknowledgement, in such case, such acknowledgment shall be a judicial acknowledgment binding on the interrogated and the court, and its provisions must be applied and the judgment shall be issued based thereon. However, if the interrogated denied subject matter of the interrogation, then such denial has no effect on evidence and interrogation shall be as it if does not exist, and the person who request it must prove his claiming in accordance with the general rules of evidence. Therefore, this study was divided into three sections, as follows: Section 1: Order to conduct interrogation. Section 2: Subject matter of interrogation and Section 3: Procedures and effects of interrogation.

[2], 67, [8] p. ; "Cum privilegio." ; Reproduction of original in the British Library.

"The attack of 9/11 sparked off some crucial national security questions. One of such question is on how to proficiently counter terrorism without the flagrant violation of human rights by nation states. Unquestionably, issues on 'terrorism' and 'counterterrorism' are national security issues. Hence, this book investigates the inclination of the European Court of Human Right towards the issues of national security and human rights in the fight against terrorism. This is effected by evaluating the laws of the ECHR. Resultantly, this book sets out to critically review and ultimately revise existing legal/judicial conceptions of "national security". Therefore, the all-embracing intention of this book is to execute an exhaustive search for the formulation of a comprehensive definition of national security against the background of counterterrorism. To further illustrate the practicality of such a definition in the "fight against terrorism", the theory of 'preservative legitimacy' was propounded in this book. Through the ECHR case law, this book exposes the impunity with which sovereign states infringe on the principles of the rule of law while countering terrorism. Furthermore, this book questions the issue of the absolute nature of Article 3 of the ECHR with reference to deportation in the fight against terrorism. It exposes the challenges sovereign states face when deporting persons whom they consider threats to others and to the nation. This book contends with the trade-off of rights of a single individual (article 3 ECHR right of a terrorist/terrorist suspect whose activities has the potential to threaten national security) as opposed to the right to life of many innocent civilians. This book makes a case for the adoption of a comprehensive definition of national security, which could serve as a model for policy makers to adopt in the formulation and implementation of counterterrorism measures."--

People have higher and higher requirements for the quality of life, the pursuit of fresh ingredients, more and more attention to the whole link of food from the field to the table, which has higher requirements for cold chain logistics. With the integrated development of Beijing Tianjin Hebei region, the population of the region is growing, and the demand for seafood, dairy products, fruits and other goods that are not suitable for long term storage is growing. As a result, the cold chain logistics industry is developing rapidly in this region. The cold chain logistics industry in this region not only connects with the cold chain logistics transportation on land and sea, North and south, but also undertakes the import and export transportation of cold chain logistics. As far as the development momentum is concerned, Beijing Tianjin Hebei region is the first regional joint legislation region in China, and whether it is internal regional development or external export or cold chain industry exchange and cooperation in other provinces and cities, the influence is huge. However, in the development process of cold chain logistics industry, the laws and regulations related to cold chain logistics in China have not been developed accordingly. The lag of laws leads to the cold chain logistics industry losing the restraint and guarantee of corresponding laws and regulations. In this paper, the research on the coordinated development of Beijing Tianjin Hebei cold chain logistics industry is generally divided into three parts, using the literature research method to analyze the current situation of Beijing Tianjin Hebei cold chain logistics industry and legal regulation, and using the case study method to analyze and summarize the existing problems of Beijing Tianjin Hebei cold chain logistics industry and the corresponding solutions. Specifically in the three aspects of legislation, law enforcement and justice, first of all, analyze the existing laws and regulations in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, and sort out the existing ...

Abstract Wastewater is one of the principal causes of coastal ecosystem pollution and poses a threat to food security, drinking water access, public health, and ecosystem survival. However, wastewater can also be a reliable alternative source of water, provided specific changes are made. Mexico's extensive and complex legal framework involving various governmental agencies and overlapping jurisdictions makes it difficult to ascertain the specific responsibilities of various actors and enforce accountability in the area of wastewater management. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relevant law in order to determine whether it is the legislation itself which is generating adverse environmental impacts, or whether these impacts are the result of the wastewater management system as implemented. In this study, we analyze the legal framework applicable at each of the three levels of government in order to clarify the connections between these governmental entities from a perspective that has not been previously developed, which will be a useful point of departure for future research. To this end, the state of Baja California Sur (in northwestern Mexico) is presented as a case study insofar as it is representative of vulnerable coastal regions facing water scarcity. The methodology and systematic analysis of wastewater regulations employed in this paper facilitate both an evaluation of the efficacy of the current legal framework surrounding wastewater management, as well as the identification of changes needed in order to achieve environmental sustainability and protect water resources for present and future generations.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Table of cases and other materials -- Table of international and regional treaties and other instruments -- List of frequently used abbreviations -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Basic premises of this book -- 1.2 Guiding threads, concepts, and caveats -- 1.3 The academic and societal contribution of this book -- 1.4 The contribution of this book to existing literature -- 1.5 Research scope and limitations -- 1.6 Book outline -- 2 From environmental change to human displacement -- 2.1 People on the move -- 2.2 The vulnerability token of environmental change -- 2.3 Environmental displacement as a human rights issue -- 2.4 A holistic approach to protection: pre-in-post displacement phases -- 2.5 Environmentally displaced persons: the objective trump -- 2.6 The environmental displacement protection paradox -- 2.7 Conclusion -- 3 Protection obligations of states under international human rights law and related instruments -- 3.1 Determining home state obligations: a survey of illustrative examples -- 3.2 Analogy of protection obligations for EDPs: the underlying duty to prevent human rights violations -- 3.3 Explicit recognition of the duty of states to protect from displacement -- 3.4 Implicit recognition of the duty of states to protect from displacement -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 4 Status and protection obligations of states under international refugee law -- 4.1 Determining host states' obligations -- 4.2 Realities and limits of states' obligations under the international protection system -- 4.3 Enhancing the protection of persons at the regional level -- 4.4 The principle of non-refoulement : a common ground of protection -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 5 Consolidating protection for environmental displacement.

"Traditionell dienen vergleichende Studien in der Politik- und Organisationsforschung der Feststellung von nationalen Unterschieden und Gemeinsamkeiten im Hinblick auf Institutionen, Organisationen und (politische) Systeme insgesamt. Bei einem Vergleich von Mitgliedsländern der EU wird dabei häufig die vertikale Dimension der europäischen Integration nicht hinreichend analysiert, weshalb ein Vermittlungsbedarf zwischen der national vergleichenden Literatur (varieties of capitalism, national business systems etc.) und der europäischen Integrationsforschung konstatiert werden kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist in diesem Zusammenhang ein Beitrag zur Konzeptionalisierung einer vergleichenden Europäisierungsforschung. Sie geht exemplarisch - anhand der Entwicklung des europäischen Verkehrsrechts - der Frage nach, welche (quantitative) Bedeutung das europäische Recht erlangt hat. Der national vergleichende Forschungsbedarf ist in der EU möglicherweise eingrenzbar, wenn sich das allen Mitgliedsländern gemeinsame Recht hinreichend exakt bestimmen lässt. Im Ergebnis wird die heterogene Entwicklung einer ungleichen und ungleichzeitigen Europäisierung bereits innerhalb eines Politikfeldes veranschaulicht. Selbst relativ exakte allgemeine quantitative Aussagen zum Verhältnis zwischen dem europäischen und dem nationalen Recht erweisen sich vor diesem Hintergrund als problematisch. Quantitative Analysen des europäischen Rechts (und europäischer Verbände) können allerdings zur Begründung von Hypothesen zum vorherrschenden Europäisierungstyp bzw. über die Veränderung des Europäisierungsmodus herangezogen werden, der in allen Mitgliedsländern der EU wirksam ist." (Autorenreferat)

This article illustrates how South Korea is gradually transforming its policies and practices directed toward a growing population of refugees, humanitarian status holders and asylum seekers. Given many deeply rooted dynamics at the intersection of law and society, South Korea has experienced a difficult trajectory, with a high rejection rate, minimal social welfare provisions and elements of discrimination that have caused alienation and distrust among asylum seekers and refugees regarding their host country. However, rising pressure from civil society has prompted legal and administrative reforms set to place the country on a different path more closely aligned with international human rights norms. The government is also beginning to shift its approach away from an overwhelming emphasis on securitization by working out the challenges of helping the country's refugees chart their respective courses toward membership and participation. Adapted from the source document.

This article deals with the legal regulation of the practices of the police as an entity responsible for preventing and combating corruption. The study shows that corruption is becoming increasingly widespread, creating major obstacles to the comprehensive development of the economy and national security of any state. The objectives of this study were to clarify the problematic aspects of the legal regulation of police practices as an entity responsible for preventing corruption, to identify positive international experience in this area and to clarify its implementability in Ukraine. The corruption perceptions index regression analysis method was applied in 12 different countries around the world for 2018 and 2019. On the basis of the analysis, the authors propose to amend Ukrainian legislation with regard to the definition of the legal status of police practices as an entity responsible for preventing and combating corruption at the level of Ukrainian legislation, detailing the powers of the National Police as a specially authorized entity in the field of preventing and combating corruption in the Ukrainian Law "On the National Police".

Climate change affects the natural and built environment, including all forms of development. The risks of climate change include severe alterations to the normal functioning of communities, including adverse effects on humans, infrastructure, land use, the built and natural environment. Due to these occurring and projected adverse effects, there is the need to develop resilience within communities, especially in areas of particular vulnerability. The point of departure of this research is that planning laws have a role to play in the adapting to, and building of resilience against, climate change. As such the work argues for an integration of climate change considerations into planning, environmental and related laws. The relevant laws will be examined to consider the extent to which they are suited to aid the adaptation process. The research entails a comparative approach through the analysis of planning laws in Nigeria and South Africa. It also involves qualitative empirical research into the effectiveness of planning laws as a means of adaptation to climate change. Planning law in Nigeria is very procedural and is limited to physical planning and ordering of the built environment. South Africa, on the other hand, has integrated sustainable development considerations into her planning legislation and it now encompasses spatial planning, integrated development plans, land use management and others. In both countries, however, there seems to be no express integration of climate change into planning laws, especially at the national level of government. The research also examines the legal aspects of climate change adaptation strategies in both countries. It found that in Nigeria in particular, there is no provision for inter-governmental cooperation to facilitate physical planning or climate adaptation action. In the case of South Africa, there is a well-structured intergovernmental collaboration regarding planning and land use management, which gives some consideration to climate change adaptation. However, the structure for cooperation is still being developed as seen in the draft National Adaptation Strategy and the proposed Climate Change Act. There is a need to reevaluate the relevant laws in both countries, with special consideration to the role of planning in adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change on the natural and built environment.

Articles 14 and 15 of the Law of 17 June 2013 on the statement of reasons, information and review procedures in respect of public contracts, certain works contracts, supply contracts and services and concessions ('the review law') allow any person who has or has had an interest in obtaining a particular contract or concession and who suffers or risks suffering harm as a result of an alleged infringement to request the review court to suspend or annul the decisions of the contracting authorities. Under Article 24 of the Review Law, the appeal court is the Administrative Litigation Section of the Conseil d'État, where the contracting authority is an authority referred to in Article 14 (1) of the Coordinated Laws on the Council of State and the Judicial Judge where the contracting authority is not an authority referred to in Article 14 (1) of the Coordinated Laws on the Council of State. Thus, the quality of the contracting authority determines the review to which its decisions are subject under public procurement legislation. Is the legal remedy, however, guaranteed in the same way by both review bodies or is it equally effective in both cases? ; Les articles 14 et 15 de la loi du 17 juin 2013 relative à la motivation, à l'information et aux voies de recours en matière de marchés publics, de certains marchés de travaux, de fournitures et de services et de concessions (ci-après la loi recours) permettent à toute personne qui a ou a eu un intérêt à obtenir un marché ou une concession déterminée et qui subit ou risque de subir un préjudice du fait d'une prétendue violation de demander à la juridiction de recours de suspendre ou d'annuler les décisions des autorités adjudicatrices. Aux termes de l'article 24 de la loi recours, la juridiction de recours est la section du contentieux administratif du Conseil d'État, lorsque l'autorité adjudicatrice est une autorité visée à l'article 14, § 1er, des lois coordonnées sur le Conseil d'État et le juge judiciaire lorsque l'autorité adjudicatrice n'est pas une autorité visée à ...

Scientific and technological progress makes certain changes in every area of life. Numerous controversies lead to different interpretations and applications of the latest technologies. In this article, we draw attention to the fundamental, sacred and immense for the human mind – new life. The Constitution of Ukraine in Art. 3 states that a person, his life and health, honour and dignity, inviolability, and safety are recognized in Ukraine as the highest social value. The right to life occupies the main place among all-natural and inalienable human rights, therefore it is important to decide the question of from what moment the life of a particular individual is protected. After all, the legislation does not define the stage of development from which the human embryo is protected by rights and is endowed with the right to life. Due to the lack of legislative consolidation of the status of the embryo, several bioethical (ethical and legal) problems arise, namely the question of how legitimately it is to use human embryos for commercial, research, and therapeutic purposes. The utilitarian, vitalistic, complementary approaches to solving these bioethical problems are presented. The scientific article is devoted to the study of the legal status of the human embryo. The position is substantiated according to which human embryos belong to special subjects of reproductive legal relations. The article analyzes the international and national legislation in the field of regulation of the embryonic development of an unborn child. The article examines the opposite scientific approaches regarding the legal status of the embryo: as an object or subject of reproductive legal relations. A list of the rights that the embryo has is given. According to the latest scientific biomedical research, the embryo in the ontological sense is a unique living human being, the rights to life and health of which must be properly protected by the state to avoid consumer attitudes towards the "unborn child" and form a moral and humane attitude towards the human embryo in modern society. ; Науково-технічний прогрес вно-сить певні зміни у кожну сферу життя. Численні суперечності при-зводять до різного тлумачення та застосування новітніх технологій. У цій статті звертаємо увагу на основоположне, святе та неосяжне для людського розуму – нове життя. Конституція України у ст. 3 закріплює, що людина, її життя і здоров'я, честь і гідність, недо-торканність і безпека визнаються в Україні найвищою соціальною цінністю. Право на життя посідає основне місце серед усіх природних і невід'ємних прав людини, тому важливо вирішити питання про те, з якого моменту охороняється життя конкретної фізичної особи. Адже законодавством не визна-чено етап розвитку, з якого люд-ський ембріон перебуває під захи-стом прав і наділяється правом на життя. Через відсутність законодавчого закріплення статусу ембріона вини-кає низка біоетичних (етико-пра-вових) проблем, а саме питання про те, наскільки правомірно вико-ристовувати людські ембріони для комерційних, науково-дослідних та терапевтичних цілей. Наведено утилітаристський, віталістський, комплементарний підходи до вирі-шення цих біоетичних проблем. Наукова стаття присвячена дослідженню правового статусу ембріона людини. Обґрунтовується позиція, згідно з якою людські емб-ріони належать до особливих суб'єк-тів репродуктивних правовідносин. Аналізується міжнародне та націо-нальне законодавство у сфері регу-лювання ембріонального розвитку ще ненародженої дитини. У статті розглянуто проти-лежні наукові підходи до правового статусу ембріона: як об'єкта чи суб'єкта репродуктивних правовід-носин. Наведено перелік прав, якими володіє ембріон. Проаналізовано підходи та кон-цепції щодо визначення початку життя людини, зокрема ембріональну, натусіальну та концепцію формування нервової системи. За даними останніх наукових медико-біологічних досліджень, емб-ріон в онтологічному сенсі є унікаль-ною живою людською істотою, права на життя і здоров'я якої повинні бути належним чином захищені дер-жавою, щоб уникнути споживаць-кого ставлення до «ще ненародженої дитини» та сформувати моральне та гуманне ставлення до людського емб-ріона у сучасному суспільстві.

The intersection of gender, welfare and immigration regimes has been one of the main focus of a rich scholarship on paid domestic work in Europe. This article brings into the discussion the nexus of employment and immigration law regimes to reflect on the role of legal regulation in structuring and reducing the vulnerability of domestic workers. I analyse this nexus by looking at the cases of Cyprus and Spain, two states falling under the cluster of Southern Mediterranean welfare regimes, that share certain characteristics in terms of immigration regimes, but have substantially different employment law regulation models. The first part sketches the debate on the employment law regulation of domestic work. The second part starts by giving an overview of the immigration regimes of Cyprus and Spain in relation to migrant domestic workers and then proceeds to analyse the two countries' models and substance of employment law regulation in domestic work. The comparison of these two divergent approaches informs the debate on how the legal regulation of domestic work should be best structured. In Spain there have been recent dynamic legislative changes in the employment law regulation of domestic work. The final part of the article traces these changes and reflects on why such processes have not taken place in Cyprus. ; Las relaciones que se establecen entre las regulaciones y disciplinas que afectan al género, las políticas sociales y laborales y la inmigración han constituido uno de los centros de un rico debate doctrinal sobre el trabajo doméstico remunerado en Europa. El presente artículo pretende analizar el nexo entre la regulación laboral y la de inmigración para reflexionar sobre el papel que una regulación jurídica puede desempeñar en la reducción de la vulnerabilidad de los trabajadores domésticos. El análisis de la relación entre inmigración y regulación laboral se centra en el estudio de Chipre y España, dos estados que pueden encuadrarse en la tipología de modelo mediterráneo de estados de bienestar y que comparten ciertas características en sus regímenes jurídicos de regulación de la inmigración, pero donde aparecen importantes diferencias en la regulación laboral. La primera parte introduce el debate sobre la regulación laboral del trabajo doméstico. La segunda parte describe el panorama de los regímenes jurídicos de la inmigración en Chipre y España en relación con los trabajadores domésticos inmigrantes para continuar con el análisis de ambos modelos y de la regulación sustancial relevante en materia de empleo doméstico. Mediante la comparación de estos dos modelos divergentes se construye el debate sobre cómo elaborar de manera óptima la regulación del trabajo doméstico. En el caso español, en el marco de una dinámica de reformas laborales, han existido recientes cambios legislativos en la regulación del trabajo doméstico. La parte final del artículo rastrea el origen de estos cambios y propone una reflexión sobre las razones de la ausencia de un proceso similar en Chipre.