Suchergebnisse

Examines the relationship between the British-based peace movement END and three Polish independent social movements to determine their role in bringing about the end of state socialism, 1989. Based on archives and interviews with peace activists in Great Britain and Poland, 1993-95.

Contrary to the dichotomy described by Habermas between goal-oriented strategic action & communicative action, actual communication occurs when a variety of communication elements are combined. Arguing is another form of communication characterized by a strong goal orientation & even opportunistic strategies. Communication takes place not only in the form of debates about facts & reflection using primarily digital methods, but also in the form of relational communication that makes use of analogy & symbols. Communication processes can be modeled as a sequence of situation-communication pairs. For each cost-benefit condition in a communication situation, more or less cooperation-oriented forms of communication can be selected. Simulation-game & scenario-building seem particularly well suited to the modeling of these situations. Adapted from the source document.

In the legal pluralism and increasing inter-normativity context, this thesis demonstrates the influence of international climate change law on the formation and development of European Union (EU) environmental law through the techniques, methods and rules of integration provided for by international law as well as by European law. European environmental law now includes the concepts (green economy, sustainable development, carbon market .) and principles (common but differentiated responsibility, precaution, prevention, responsibility, etc.) of the climate change international Law. Thus, the Europeanisation and constitutionalisation of international climate change law resulted in its insertion into the legal system of member states. Indeed, by virtue of its international commitments to combat global warming, the EU has adopted legally binding instruments that impact national legal systems and is committed to Kyoto II. The dynamics, controversies, clashes and the woes of the multilateral climate policy and negotiations have led to the establishment of a well-structured European climate diplomacy and a green economy policy that do not fail to come up against challenges of international cooperation, international collective action, global public goods equitable production and consumption, as well as technical,technological, institutional, human, economic, financial, sovereignist, social, energy, and ecological and transformational barriers.On the basis of the binding effect and enforceability of the provisions of international climate law and European primary law, the international climate regime produces legal effects within the member states and even towards third states dealing with the European organization. Indeed, because of supranationality, direct effect and the primacy of European law, the international legal rules relating to the fight against climate change, transposed and integrated, are binding in the national legal orders where they require a uniform application. As a consequence, the EU law, by virtue of its supranational character and its control and sanction mechanisms, including jurisdictional ones, has become the instrument of effectiveness and efficiency of international conventional climate law. As a result, the shortcomings of this right relating to the absence of compulsory jurisdiction, the non-compliance by States with their international commitments and the weakness of international control are largely offset by the effectiveness of the European and national legal system. ; Dans le contexte du pluralisme juridique et de l'inter-normativité croissante, la présente thèse démontre l'influence du droit international des changements climatiques sur la formation et le développement du droit de l'environnement de l'Union Européenne (UE) à travers les techniques, méthodes et règles d'intégration prévues aussi bien par le droit international que par le droit européen. Le droit européen de l'environnement comporte désormais les concepts (économie verte, développement durable, marché de carbone.) et principes (responsabilité commune mais différenciée, précaution, prévention, responsabilité, etc.) du droit international des changements climatiques. Ainsi, l'européanisation et la constitutionnalisation du droit international des changements climatiques ont eu pour conséquence son insertion dans le système juridique des Etats membres. En effet, en vertu de ses engagements internationaux en matière de lutte contre le réchauffement global, l'UE a adopté des instruments juridiquement contraignants qui impactent les systèmes juridiques nationaux et s'est engagée sur le Kyoto II. Les dynamiques, les controverses, les heurs et les malheurs de la politique et des négociations climatiques multilatérales ont suscité la mise en place d'une diplomatique climatique européenne bien structurée et d'une politique d'économie verte qui ne manquent pas de se heurter à des défis de la coopération internationale, de l'action collective internationale, de production et de consommation équitables des biens publics mondiaux, ainsi qu'à des obstacles techniques, technologiques, institutionnels, humains, économiques, financiers, souverainistes, sociaux, énergétiques, écologiques et transformationnels. Sur le fondement de l'effet obligatoire et de la force exécutoire des dispositions du droit international du climat et du droit primaire européen, le régime international climatique produit des effets juridiques à l'intérieur des Etats membres et même à l'égard des Etats tiers traitant avec l'organisation européenne. En effet, en raison de la supranationalité, de l'effet direct et de la primauté du droit européen, les règles juridiques internationales relatives à la lutte contre les changements climatiques, transposées et intégrées, ont force obligatoire dans les ordres juridiques nationaux où elles requièrent une application uniforme. Il s'ensuit que le droit de l'UE, de par son caractère supranational et ses mécanismes de contrôle et de sanction, notamment juridictionnels, est devenu l'instrument d'effectivité et d'efficacité du droit conventionnel international du climat. De ce fait, les défaillances de ce droit relatives à l'absence d'une juridiction obligatoire, au non-respect par les Etats de leurs engagements internationaux et à la faiblesse du contrôle international sont largement compensées par l'efficacité du système juridique européen et national.

In this thesis I analyze the work of the United Nations (UN) in international development, and especially the aspects of power, authority and autonomy in this work. I examine the roles that the organization has in development and the effects these roles can have on the position of the organization. Following the ideas of the bureaucracy theory by Michael Barnett and Martha Finnemore (2004; 2005), I study if the UN can be seen as an independent actor rather than a tool of its member states. Inspired by my own experiences at the UN, I also pay attention to the position of the organization between the often conflicting interests of its member states. My study is placed among studies of international organizations (IOs). The scientific relevance of the study lies in the political aspects of the work of IOs. They are increasingly central to world politics and therefore it is important to understand how they function. If IOs are able to use power and affect their surroundings, this should be taken into account while studying them. Power aspects are also central to discussions around international development, as there is still a persisting gap between the views of the global North and South. The UN with its universal membership lies in the middle of this battle. As research material I have nine (9) reports of the UN Secretary General, produced in 2007-2012. The reports are all development-related, some of them focusing on the internal work of the UN and some on the wider development environment. I analyze them using qualitative content analysis. Based on the analysis, the UN can be seen as an independent actor, its many different functions and especially its expertise in development making it an authoritative actor in international development. The organization is both supporting the work of its member states and actively promoting ideas important to its own agenda. The ideas presented already in the UN charter in 1945 are still evident in the work of the organization and guide the work of the organization over the often conflicting interests of the member states. The UN has various means to affect the decision-making of the member states and, thus, contribute to the development activities not only by regulating but also constituting understandings of development. One of the most important result of this thesis is therefore the abundance of action apparent in the work of the UN in development, presenting the organization not so much as an employee of the member states but as an independent, active authority. The results, therefore, are in line with the core ideas of the bureaucracy theory. One of the interesting results of the analysis was the strong support the UN was showing the developing countries throughout its work. The organization can be seen as opposing some of the mainstream development policies and supporting a more equal development approach. This stance can provide the organization with both challenges and possibilities as it is trying to stabilize its position as a central particle in global governance. Asiasanat:authority, development, global governance, international organization, power, United Nations

L'environnement monétaire et financier s'est tellement modifié au niveau international qu'on ne parle plus d'un système comme de celui que gérait autrefois le Fonds Monétaire International. On évoque plutôt une « nouvelle architecture financière mondiale » au sein de laquelle la finance internationale est dominée par les marchés. Le fmi conserve la responsabilité d'en assurer une certaine régulation, c'est-à-dire d'instituer dans ce domaine une « bonne gouvernance ». Mais le Fonds est lui-même une institution qui fonctionne selon ses statuts, et ses statuts n'ont guère changé depuis soixante ans. C'est pourquoi on attend de lui qu'il s'applique à lui-même les principes d'une bonne gouvernance.