Suchergebnisse

Over the years, the police have become a central component of international peace- and statebuilding operations. However, predominantly trained and socialized as members of a domestic police service, police officers enter the global arena only – if ever – temporarily: their international deployment is often merely an interlude to their regular domestic police service. Pre-deployment training for international missions is therefore deemed vital for their success. When abroad, officers oftentimes find themselves carrying out work that has little resemblance to everyday police work back at home. By conceptualizing police training experts as "brokers", the article helps to uncover the practices these brokers deploy to bridge the boundary between domestic policing and international missions. The research for this article was informed by practice theoretical considerations and ethnographically informed research strategies. It reveals that in several European countries, trainers' brokerage is primarily practiced as a passing on of recent personal experience, by the creation of artificial borderlands that are meant to mimic the reality on the ground, and by diluting the boundary temporarily.

China has moved toward human rights law internationally and domestically since the late 1970s. Their economic reform necessitates the introduction of law in conjunction with building a market economy. As a Permanent Member of the United Nations Security Council, China cannot avoid integrating international human rights law into its system of governance, and Beijing has found soft rights law manageable. Western rights pressure since 1989 has had an indirect impact. Beijing sees legal reform and the signing of international rights conventions as evidence of progress. While somewhat limited, China's adoption of rights laws affects how domestic politics is played out and leads to the creation of a legal profession interested in promotion of the rule of law.

In recent years many disciplines within the social sciences have adopted an intercultural approach to human interaction, investigating the problems that arise when members of different cultures come into contact. Cross-cultural encounters are frequently marked by the confrontation of incompatible assumptions, about the nature of society and man's place in the world, which hinder accurate communication. Given that the orderly conduct of international relations depends, among other things, upon mutual comprehension, the article argues for the adoption of an approach sensitive to inter cultural dissonance. A survey of the existing literature suggests that fresh light can be shed on problems in areas such as negotiation, where intercultural communication is of the essence. Due regard, it is emphasized, must be paid to constraints on the relevance of subjective factors.

The Board of Governors presented its report on the Agency's work during its seventh year, covering the period from July 1, 1963, to June 30, 1964, to the eighth General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Noting that the membership of the Agency had increased from 82 to 87 during the year under review, the report listed the five new members: Algeria, Gabon, the Ivory Coast, Libya, and Nigeria. In its introduction, the report stated that the year had been marked by further notable improvement in the prospects for economically competitive nuclear power and by interesting developments with regard to the use of nuclear energy for desalinization. In accordance with a request of the General Conference, the Board had considered the question of financing IAEA's activities but had not been able to make any further recommendations.

The 30th annual report of the Bank for International Settlements, covering the financial year from April 1, 1959, to March 31, 1960, was submitted to the annual general meeting of the Bank held in Basle on June 13, 1960.1 In his introduction, the General Manager of the Bank, Mr. Guillaume Guindey, reported that the net profit for the thirtieth financial year had amounted to 15,314,716 gold francs, compared with 9,550,894 gold francs for the preceding year. In view of these very favorable results, the Board of Directors of the Bank had recommended the extraordinary distribution of 42.50 gold francs per share, in addition to the regular dividend of 37.50 gold francs per share; thus the total distribution for this year would amount to 80 gold francs, payable in Swiss francs in the amount of 114.30 Swiss francs per share.

The twenty-sixth annual report of the Bank for International Settlements was published on June II, 1956. In its survey of the year April 1, 1955—March 31, 1956, the report declared that the most important feature of 1955 was that the effect of an economic boom in North America had been superimposed on the powerful forces for expansion operating in western Europe. There was a definite need, however, for measures which would moderate the boom without weakening the forces tending to promote healthy economic growth. For this reason, direct internal or external controls had not been reapplied by the authorities and trade had been further liberalized, while restrictions on foreign payments had also been further relaxed. There had been a continuation of flexibility in credit policies pursued by the authorities who had employed methods of credit restraint, such as increased interest rates.

The International Wool Study Group met at London from November 7 to 9, 1949. The meeting noted that world wool production had increased slightly since the war to a point where it was equal to prewar production. The group for the first time decided to release for publication its report on the world wool situation and reports on the wool situation in member countries, unless requested otherwise; On the basis of review it was decided that no immediate problems called for intergovernmental collaboration in world trade of wool; although it was recognized that the problem of surplus stocks which had led to the establishment of the group in 1946 had largely disappeared, it was felt that the group would prove a useful means for the improvement of wool statistics and a useful body to which world wool problems could be referred.

On July 27 the Security Council by 9 votes to 0 with 2 abstentions, recommended that the Principality of Liechtenstein be permitted to become a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice. By this decision the Security Council endorsed the opinion of its Committee of Experts that Liechtenstein was a state under the provisions of Article 93 (2) of the Charter and that the same conditions should apply to it as to Switzerland: acceptance of the provisions of the Statute, acceptance of all the obligations of a Member of the United Nations under Article 94 and agreement to contribute to the expenses of the Court upon assessment by the General Assembly after consultation with the government. The recommendation was to be considered by the General Assembly at its fourth session.

Wasserkonflikte können sich nach Meinung des Autors zu lokaler Instabilität beitragen und eine ganze Region oder ganze Länder destabilisieren. Besonders hoch ist das Konfliktrisiko dort, wo Wasserknappheit und politische Spannungen zusammentreffen. Global gesehen treten Wasserkonflikte vermehrt zwischen Ländern auf, die einen gemeinsamen Fluss nutzen, d.h. den Ober- und Unterliegern von grenzüberschreitenden Flüssen. Der Autor konstatiert, dass bei absoluten Wasserverteilungskonflikten eine sehr große Gefahr zwischenstaatlicher Gewaltanwendung besteht, bei relativen Wasserverteilungskonflikten und solchen die auf Verschmutzung zurückzuführen sind, die Gefahr dagegen sehr gering ist. Am Beispiel von drei international bekannten Flusssystemen: dem Nil, dem Jordan und dem Euphrat- Tigris stellt der Autor die zwischenstaatliche Wasserkonfliktproblematik dar. Wissenschaftliche Studien der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte zu dieser Problematik kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass globale Bedrohungen durch Wasserkriege heute und in absehbarer Zeit sehr unwahrscheinlich sind. (ICB)