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German neoconservatism and its role in the political culture of the Federal Republic is largely uncharted scholarly territory. Especially for English-language historians and political scientists, its place on the historical map is marked, "Here lie monsters." This article is intended not as a definitive treatment, but as a sketch suggesting the contours of the subject. It has become commonplace to regard 1968 as a pivotal year in the history of the Bundesrepublik. This article suggests that this may be true in a broader sense than is usually meant: that the significance of 1968 derives not only from the 68ers and their transformation of the political culture of the left, but also from the neoconservative reaction to the 68ers, which helped recast the political culture of the non-left. The article begins by exploring some of the difficulties in getting a conceptual and definitional handle on German neoconservatism. It then proceeds to examine in some depth the career and ideas of one of the most prominent German neoconservatives, Hermann Lübbe. Then the article discusses several key issues, events, and processes that defined neoconservatism, before touching briefly on the reasons for its dissolution as a coherent phenomenon and reflecting on its place in the history of the Bundesrepublik.

Objective. Scholars have debated the theory that indigenous American societies influenced the development of American democratic theories, institutions, & values. The purpose of this research is to examine the research presented by the critics & proponents of the indigenous influence theory. Methods. This research analyzes the writings of historians & other scholars involved in the study of the indigenous influence theory, the writings & speeches of sixteenth- to eighteenth-century European political philosophers, the founding fathers, & indigenous peoples, & government documents. Results. The scholarly debate has gone beyond proving that indigenous societies did influence the development of American democratic norms, values, & institutions to defining the degree of such influence. Conclusions. Future research by the social sciences will add to the multicultural foundations of political theory & democracy. 65 References. Adapted from the source document.

Strategic philanthropy, according to the literature, is becoming the state of the art in corporate contribution management. The term is defined in this study as the process by which contributions are targeted to meet business objectives and recipient needs. It represents the integration of philanthropy into the overall strategic planning of the corporation. Given this trend, this research examines the extent to which corporate philanthropy has become predominantly a business deal with direct and measurable financial returns to shareholders. The study presents the results of a national survey of corporate direct contribution programs. The 226 corporations that responded to the mailed questionnaire were primarily large corporations from over 20 different industries. The findings suggest that contributions made directly by corporations are primarily used in less tangible ways to meet responsibilities to employees and their communities.