For more than a millennium Chinese porcelain was the most universally admired and most widely imitated product in the world. It conveyed Chinese culture across vast distances, penetrated societies in manifold ways, and reshaped ceramic traditions throughout the Afro-Eurasian ecumene. As the principal material vehicle for the assimilation and transmission of artistic themes and designs, porcelain provides the first and most extensive material evidence for sustained cultural encounter on a worldwide scale, perhaps even for intimations of truly global culture.
The study provides a comparative review of 15 independently written studies on teachers' attitudes toward inclusion in Serbia between 2002 and 2012. It also attempted to describe teachers' attitudes toward inclusive education depending on the type of special need, as well as the main obstacles and benefits of a successful inclusion from the in-service teachers' point of view. The findings show that shifts in teachers' attitudes toward inclusion are slow despite numerous reform changes. The results are discussed in two stages, first before and then after the inclusion legislation was enacted. Furthermore, the overview showed that teachers in Serbia hold the most negative attitude toward inclusion of students with sensory impairments in mainstream schools. Despite resistance toward inclusion, teachers in Serbia realize its benefits, emphasizing the importance of developing social skills as well as reducing prejudice toward people with disabilities. The main obstacles to inclusion, as teachers perceive it, are insufficient education and inadequate professional development programs for teachers in Serbia, low peer status of children with disabilities in regular classrooms and lack of resources, which is in line with reform goals in Serbia. The implications for further reform implementation are discussed, as well as the need for further clarifications in future research.
Benvenisti, ehemaliger Zweiter Bürgermeister von Jerusalem, stellt die aktuelle Situation in der Stadt und die Lösungsperspektiven des Jerusalemproblems in den Kontext der dreitausendjährigen Stadtgeschichte, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf dem 20. Jh. liegt. Er behandelt u.a. Fragen der geographischen Abgrenzung, die politische Geschichte Jerusalems, das Spannungsverhältnis von Demokratie und Demographie in einer geteilten Stadt sowie die Problematik der politisch statt städteplanerisch begründeten Stadtentwicklung. Benvenisti glaubt nicht, dass der Jerusalemkonflikt durch ein Souveränitätsreglement - gleich welcher Art - zu lösen ist; die Lösung muss sich auf der Basis einer vertrauensvollen Zusammenarbeit nach und nach entwickeln: "the process is the solution". (DÜI-Hns)
AbstractThe information technological progress that has been achieved over the last decades has also given the humanities the opportunity to expand their methodological toolbox. This paper explores how recent advancements in natural language processing may be used for research in the history of ideas so as to overcome traditional scholarship's inevitably selective approach to historical sources. By employing two machine learning techniques whose potential for the analysis of conceptual continuities and innovations has never been considered before, we aim to determine the extent to which they can enhance conventional research methods. It will amount to a critical evaluation of how the advantages of computational in‐breadth analysis could be combined with the merits of traditional in‐depth analysis in a philosophically fruitful way. After a brief technical description, the approach will be applied to an example: the conceptual (dis)continuity between medieval and early modern philosophy. All the challenges encountered during development and application will be carefully evaluated. We will then be able to assess whether these tools and techniques present promising extensions to the methodological toolbox of traditional scholarship, or whether they do not yet have the potential for a task as complex as the analysis of philosophical literature. The present investigation can thus be seen as an experiment on how far one can go with current machine‐learning techniques in this area of research. In doing so, it provides important insights and guidance for future advances in the field.
Since 2003, the Brazilian government and certain sectors of Brazilian society have been debating the revitalization of the Brazilian defense industry (BDI). This article analyses some of the arguments in these debates (the rights of nations and duties of governments as regards defense, the possibility of coercive action by the great arms exporters, evidence that the defense industry has always run a deficit, and the export needs the country would have if it decided to revitalize its defense industry) and analyzes other questions that merit scrutiny (the causes of the crisis in the BDI that occurred in the 1980s, the causes of low internal demand, the economic and technological impact of the BDI). This is done by comparing these arguments and exploring these questions based on an analysis of documents. In this way, we aim to provide reliable information from Brazil and elsewhere to contribute to this debate. ; O governo brasileiro e setores da sociedade brasileira vêm promovendo, desde 2003, debates sobre a revitalização da indústria de defesa brasileira (IDB). O artigo analisa alguns argumentos presentes nestes debates (direito das nações e deveres dos governos em relação à defesa, possibilidade de uma ação coercitiva dos grandes exportadores de armamento, evidência de que a indústria de defesa sempre funciona de maneira deficitária e necessidade de exportar que teria o País como imposição da decisão da revitalizar a IBD) e analisa outras questões que também merecem aprofundamento (as causas da crise da IBD ocorrida na década de 1980, as causas da baixa demanda interna, o impacto econômico e tecnológico da IBD). O método adotado foi o de confrontar aqueles argumentos e explorar aquelas questões baseando-se em análise documental. Pretende-se, assim, proporcionar informação abalizada de origem nacional e estrangeira capaz de propiciar uma maior reflexão sobre o tema pela sociedade.
