Suchergebnisse

Introduction -- An overview of the free movement of persons, services, establishment and goods -- Direct effect and state liability -- European law, litigation and the ECJ -- Introduction to competition law -- Anti-competitive agreements Article 81 of the EC treaty -- Abuse of a dominant position Article 82 -- The member state and its role in the economy Article 86 -- Mergers -- Procedural and enforcement aspects of EC competition law -- State aid -- Public procurement -- European private international law -- General and exclusive jurisdictional rules in the EU -- Special and procedural jurisdictional rules in the EU -- Recognition and enforcement of judgments in the EU -- Choice of law rules

Останнім часом зростає значення міжнародної співпраці у сфері освіти, використання передового досвіду закладів вищої освіти країн Євросоюзу. Наголошується, що важливу роль у мотиваційному процесі заохочення як механізму впливу на професійне самовдосконалення викладачів іноземних мов відіграє своя, діяча в кожній країні Євросоюзу, система заохочень. Системи заохочень відображають як професійну діяльність окремої особистості, так і історичний розвиток країни. Заохочення є позитивно стимулюючим впливом на потреби, інтереси, свідомість, волю, поведінку викладачів іноземної мови, а також на результати їх праці. Заохочення викликає зацікавленість особистості в отримані певних соціальних благ і використовується у випадках досягнення результатів у своїй професійній діяльності. ; Recently, the importance of international cooperation in education, the use of the best practices of higher education institutions in the European Union, the development of pedagogical skills and professional activities to organize the process of foreign language teaching has been growing, so the issue of encouragement as a mechanism of influence on the professional development of foreign language teachers is relevant. It is noted that organization of higher education in the European Union has both much in common and in different. It is stated that the professional development of foreign language teachers in the European Union is a dynamic and continuous process that lasts throughout their activities. An important place is given to the motivation of teachers to self-improvement in order to achieve the highest level of professionalism. Teachers' self-improvement allows them to deepen their professional competence by understanding the social and cultural dimensions of education, based on their own needs and requirements of society. It is determined that any culture finds its unique reflection in the language, as well as in the study of the cultural heritage of the people, which is enshrined in their language as a reflection of the spiritual world of humans and their culture. It is emphasized that an important role in the motivational process of encouragement as a mechanism for influencing the professional selfimprovement of foreign language teachers is played by the current system of encouragements in each European Union country. Encouragement systems reflect both the professional activity of an individual and the historical development of the country. Encouragement is a positive stimulating effect on the needs, interests, consciousness, will, behavior of foreign language teachers, as well as on the results of their work. Encouragement arouses the interest of the individual in obtaining certain social benefits and is used in cases of achieving results in own professional activities. Encouragement is used for successful performance of professional duties, important tasks, long-term work and is a mechanism of influence on the development of professional self-improvement. The analysis of scientific works on the problem under research shows that in the European Union countries national educational traditions are combined, that the motivational process for self-improvement depends on individual characteristics, age, pedagogical experience, scientific degree, position and is encouraged by the relevant stimulating moral (expression of gratitude, rewarding with certificate of appreciation, etc.) and material (rewarding with a gift, additional payments, financial awards, grants, etc.) systems of payment for work. The system of additional payments is non-uniform not only in the universities of different European Union countries, but also within a specific higher education institution. Teachers can be nominated for state awards for outstanding merit to the country. State awards are the highest form of recognition for high merit in the development of education, science, economy, culture. State awards are established exclusively by the laws of each country.

Introduction. The investigations of the factors of economic development refer to the traditional economic problems. Under sustainable development concept, ecological factors of economic development of the European Union countries deserve special attention. Purpose. The aim of the article is to actualize the ecological background of economic development aspects in terms of nature business-management on the example of the Member States of the European Union. To obtain the above mentioned aim, we should settle the following tasks: to determine the ecological quality of economic development; to analyze a strategy elaborated by the Member States called "Europe - 2020" for its resource efficiency; to establish links between natural resources use and economic development; to reveal eco-environmental determinants of the economic development associated with the resource business; to estimate of ecological and economic profile of the resource culture on the cross-country level; to offer some recommendations to improve the strategy "Europe - 2020" based on ecological outcomes. Methods. The ecological factors being divided into two groups - positive and negative – are formalized and ranked from - 1 to + 1 in the article. This approach helps to compare positive and negative ecological factors of the economic development between each other. The approach has been developed especially for factorial analysis. Results. To the key eco-environmental determinants of the economic development the author refers such ones: saving of natural resources – exploitation of natural resource; environmental protection – environmental pollution; wastes utilization – wastes production; restoring forestation – deforestation; alternative energy production – energy consumption; production of environmentally friendly food – food consumption. Based on these key indicators, it is possible to estimate ecological and economic profile of the culture associated with the resource saving business for a definite country and compare it to the global situation. Originality. In the article it is proposed to divide ecological factors into two categories: factors-stimulators and factors-destimulators of economic development. Having compared these factors between each other, it is possible to make an ecological and cultural profile of economic development of the analysed countries. Conclusion. The author believes that the proposed approaches to the estimation of ecological and economic components of the European countries' development can contribute significantly to their global competitiveness. The obtained results could be used to estimate the performance of the strategy "Europe 2020".

The discussion of the "future of Europe" has become the European Union's lifelong companion. It has evolved in successive phases. The current one has been shaped by the 2008 financial crisis and the "great recession" which it had provoked, as well as a number of more recent developments such as those created by USA policies. The great recession caused havoc everywhere, and brought to the surface several issues which had been simmering for many years. No member state was immune to its effects, but some suffered more than others. The southern EU countries, particularly Greece, saw their financial systems shaken to the foundations: economies contracting; public debt soaring; unemployment, especially among the young, rising to historic proportions; poverty and hardships becoming the new norm for sections of their societies. The fundamental financial support provided by the European Union during the financial crises came with strings, which some saw as being too stringent, not fairly applied to all countries, and restraining the room for manoeuvring to support the most vulnerable. This led to public anger, governments were dethroned and newer, often fringe parties, came to the fore. Populism grew rapidly and Euroscepticism increased. ; peer-reviewed

The book tackles a key issue for the European Union: Fiscal Federalism. It evaluates the applicability of this theoretical perspective for the EU. Conversely, it pinpoints ways in which the diversity of existing fiscal settings and organisations, both at national and European levels, can throw light on the theory. The study analyses two of the most important European policies: Cohesion Policy and the Stability and Growth Pact. It compares the episode of German Unification to the 2004 European Enlargement. It pioneers a cross-country analysis of the various national fiscal settings. Finally, it highlights the close links between the dynamics of decision-making related to the main budgetary choices and the integration process. The questions raised are crucial in the current context of economic and institutional uncertainty: How should we apprehend the Cohesion Policy, the main expression of European solidarity? How can the coordination of national fiscal policies be improved? How are European countries and their regions organised in fiscal and budgetary terms? What lessons can the EU draw from its own fiscal past and from that of its Member States? Over and above the originality of the answers provided by the authors, the book suggests that it would be difficult to take the integration process further without first clarifying what Europe can, should or wants to do. Contents: Relationship between levels of government, budget, fiscal systems – Critics and presentation of the traditional theory of Fiscal Federalism (M-O-T) – Cohesion Policy – National and European fiscal policies (stabilisation) – Comparison between 2004 European enlargement and German Unification – Positive and normative analysis of European Fiscal Federalism, of EU fiscal-related problems and the likely evolution of the EU fiscal setting – Statistical study of the fiscal systems and of intergovernmental relationships in the EU and its 25 Member States – EU - the way forward in the current context.

"This book is at home in the offices of everyone concerned about Corporate Social Responsibility. For scholars, lawyers, and accountants this book offers a compelling account of all the newest 'business and human rights' material in our polarised world. For litigators, judges, and other dispute settlers, it uncovers power dynamics that serve as barriers to justice"--

Unique in bringing together contributions from academics and practitioners on the theme of strategic, intelligent modern lobbying this book provides a thorough and accessible discussion on key ideas pertinent to the pursuance of public affairs in the European Union. Combining innovative academic research with first-hand professional experience it offers the reader a combination of practical recommendations, case studies and academic theory to add new insights to interest group research and lobbying strategies. While focusing on the European Union the contributors acknowledge the multi-level dimension of EU decision-making and incorporate research on multi-level governance as well as lobbying by sub-national authorities. Through this they present a fuller picture of a subject that should appeal to students, academics and practitioners alike.

This book is an in-depth study of one of the most important agreements in the recent history of EU-developing world relations: the Lomé convention--the principles upon which all relations between the states of the European Union and ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific) countries are based. Over the course of its 25-year life, the Convention has been altered to suit the changing relationship of those states involved. This historical study not only charts the course of that vital relationship between haves and have-nots but also, in its changing focus and shifting concerns, reflects recent broad

The EU and global emergencies : competence and instruments / Marise Cremona -- Conflicts of competence in responding to global emergencies / Alan Dashwood -- Constitutional limits to delegated powers / Robert Schütze -- The European Union and peaceful settlement of disputes in its neighbourhood : the emergence of a new regional security actor? / Steven Blockmans and Ramses A. Wessel -- Counter-terrorism and fundamental rights : judicial challenges and legislative changes after the rulings in Kadi and PMOI / Eleanor Spaventa -- The EU and energy security : a critical review of the legal issues / Peter D. Cameron -- The international financial crisis, global financial governance and the European Union / Jan Wouters, Steven Sterkx and Tim Corthaut -- Debt crisis as a global emergency : the European economic constitution and other Greek fables / Antonis Antoniadis -- Securing safety, controlling crises : development and misapplication of food law in the European Union / Caoimhin MacMaolain -- Food safety at the WTO after Continued Suspension : a paradigm shift? / Alessandra Arcuri -- The EU and human trafficking : framing a regional response to a global emergency / Holly Cullen -- Common security and defence policy crisis management missions : an effective tool for EU response to emergencies / Gilles Marhic -- The constitutional apparatus of the European Union : the perspective of the European Commission / Eric White -- The European Parliament and EU external aid : measures of response to emergency situations / Daniela Gauci.