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This conceptual paper attempts to understand the necessity of intertwining Democracy and e-Democracy for the success of institutionalization of e-Democracy. In this respect, it proposes the "Four-Forces Framework of Democracy" and their Drivers. The paper also explores the challenges that e-Democracy may face in its growth and evolution, highlights the risks involved in ignoring the challenges, and suggests the future direction. In the present scenario, there is a considerable push for Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The paper discusses whether this will lead to the strengthening of people's voice and empowerment of the individual and collective aspirations. Societies in their evolution develop cultural contexts, social and ethnic values. It is a challenge for any e-Democracy to integrate them into its mechanisms. In the Indian context, it is essential to develop foresight on how e-Democracy gears-up to also address various contradictions and conflicts, which are possible due to the digital-divide, multitude of people's aspirations, socio-cultural diversity, space for democratic thinking, etc. Keeping many aspects of Democracy and governance into consideration, the paper focuses on how ICT and e-Democracy will honour people's aspirations in the coming years, to keep the public, individual, and society, vibrant and democratically functioning.

Over the decades, the People's Republic of China has rapidly expanded its educational investments and experiments in Africa. It has increased exponentially the number of scholarships for African students to cross oceans to attend Chinese universities. Also, specialized programmes continue to be designed specifically to attract African candidates. Meanwhile, groups of Chinese teachers and technicians are dispatched to Africa to educate and train people on the ground. In individual African countries, Chinese professionals are integrated in local schools, participating in social, cultural and educational activities. In many cases, the Chinese dream has become a viable alternative to American colleges or European universities, in terms of social prestige, practicality and future prospects. Questions can be asked about the plausible explanations for such massive Chinese educational investments. It will also be worth knowing the main decision-makers, participants and beneficiaries, the impact on African societies, on China-Africa relations and on international politics, etc. This discussion is part of the more general debate on African human resources education and training. It sees Africa as a dynamic, democratic and vast arena where diverse education models compete for legitimacy, popularity and sustainability. Chinese education is emerging as a strong proponent. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This work endeavours to examine the notion of public sphere as a preamble to the idea of public discourse and the inherent role of public deliberations within democratic societies. It also intends to probe as to how the need of civil society emerged within public sphere. Or, what can be the reasons that have warranted the shift of civil society from private to public and the kind of wide-ranging implications in such a shift? On the outset, this work will seek to understand the notion of public sphere (mode of Democracy) as originally conceived within socio-political conditions which influenced the processes of public opinion formation. Such an understanding of public sphere will be helpful to develop the changing notion of public sphere and civil society which is not merely limited to neo-liberal tradition. Consequently, this work also intends to analyze certain other relevant concepts such as rationality, radical form of democratic attitude, autonomy, freedom, human rights etc where public sphere has become an act of agent as discursive discourse and are related to the idea of civil society through the history of ideas in the philosophical writings of Jurgen Habermas.

This conceptual paper attempts to understand the necessity of intertwining Democracy and e-Democracy for the success of institutionalization of e-Democracy. In this respect, it proposes the "Four-Forces Framework of Democracy" and their Drivers. The paper also explores the challenges that e-Democracy may face in its growth and evolution, highlights the risks involved in ignoring the challenges, and suggests the future direction. In the present scenario, there is a considerable push for Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The paper discusses whether this will lead to the strengthening of people's voice and empowerment of the individual and collective aspirations. Societies in their evolution develop cultural contexts, social and ethnic values. It is a challenge for any e-Democracy to integrate them into its mechanisms. In the Indian context, it is essential to develop foresight on how e-Democracy gears-up to also address various contradictions and conflicts, which are possible due to the digital-divide, multitude of people's aspirations, socio-cultural diversity, space for democratic thinking, etc. Keeping many aspects of Democracy and governance into consideration, the paper focuses on how ICT and e-Democracy will honour people's aspirations in the coming years, to keep the public, individual, and society, vibrant and democratically functioning.

The scientific significance of studying security problems in regional societies is determined by the need to reveal its actual components. Such complex indicator as social capital includes basic indicators of the functioning of civil society: social responsibility, activity, civic initiative, etc. The social capital formed in society induces generalized trust. At the same time, institutional trust contributes to the legitimization of legal and political institutions. The purpose of this article is to describe the social mechanism of interdependence of components of social capital and generalized trust that form a sense of security in the region. The article summarizes expert assessments that indicate heterogeneity of institutional systems, which are indicators of low coherence of the social order and form a low level of trust and, consequently, security in the Altai territory. It is concluded that for modern Russian society, as well as for its regions, the problem of regenerating generalized trust as a social background for optimizing post-industrial transformations is extremely significant. Stability of the active role of social institutions, the reproduction of spiritual values, such as the common good, inter-ethnic tolerance, social justice are among most important factors restoring social trust.

Zusammenfassung
Angesichts der zunehmenden Alterung (auch) der deutschen Gesellschaft wird in diesem planungswissenschaftlichen Beitrag ein intersektionaler Blick auf die höchst differenzierte Gruppe alter und älterer Menschen sowie deren raumbezogene Bedürfnisse geworfen. Insbesondere mit Bedacht auf einkommensärmere Frauen und andere marginalisierte Einkommensgruppen wird für eine Erweiterung der bisher bestimmenden Perspektive geworben: Neben dem Engagement zur Planung von Räumen für das Alter im Sinne altersgerechter Versorgungseinrichtungen und Wohnungen, den 'Altersräumen', erscheint eine relationale Befassung mit und die Etablierung von 'Räumen zum Altern', also eine systemische Planung der darüber liegenden Maßstabsebenen der Quartiers- und Siedlungsstrukturen, zukunftsweisend zu sein.
Abstract: Spaces For The Elderly. Spaces For Ageing. Planning Recommendations to Handle The Topic
Population ageing and urbanization are two global trends shaping societies in many parts of the world. This paper takes a look at the issue from two angles: the perspective of planning sciences and the perspective of intersectionality. With these lenses, it looks at the highly differentiated groups of the ageing population in Germany as well as their widely diverse spatial needs. While keeping a special focus on low-income women and other marginalized income groups, it proposes an expansion of the hitherto prevailing perspective of planning 'spaces for the elderly', in terms of age-appropriate care facilities, accessible homes etc., towards a more relational understanding of 'spaces for ageing'. It also recommends a more systemic approach to planning by integrating the levels of neighborhood and settlement structures.

International audience ; Pollen comprises many organic substances (sugars, lipids, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, etc.), all of which are built from elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, zinc, and approximately twenty others. These special nutritional elements compose the cells, tissues, and bodies of all the life forms on our planet and are needed by bee larvae for healthy growth. However, not all plants produce pollen containing these elements in proportions needed specifically by bees, meaning that not all pollens are nutritionally balanced for bees. Moreover, the decrease in plant diversity is thought to be among the main causes of the dwindling numbers of pollinators worldwide. Currently, governments and societies are attempting to combat this pollinator decline by providing nutritionally balanced and diverse food plants to pollinators. Knowing which nutritional elements are crucial for the bee diet and understanding why are prerequisites for tailoring conservation efforts for this group of insects, which are substantially important for human nutrition and ecosystem functioning. Basic information obtained from feeding experiments is important for synergistically understanding how plant diversity within certain species that produce pollens with rich or scarce amounts of certain nutritional elements influences bee health and prosperity.

First published online: January 2020 ; The term "Yellow" is a synonym for strikebreaker in many European societies (gelbe, amarillo, giallo, etc.). In pre-1914 Europe, which remained dominated by monarchies, only in republican France this term was explicitly used by a nationalist armed group of strikebreakers, namely, the Yellow movement. In 1899-1901, the French and industrial society experienced an unprecedented wave of massive strikes. Historians saw this popular mobilisation as a prefiguration of the "great labour unrest", which subsequently affected the United Kingdom, between 1911 and 1914. The mobilisation of French workers and republican citizens in this fin de siecle took place in the industrial stronghold of France, along the German border. As a reaction, powerful industrialists created the first "Yellow" organisations. They explicitly conceived them as their "social movement". At the turn of the century, these strikebreakers were officially recognised by octroy. This differentiated the Yellow movement (with a capital "Y") from the many informal yellow organisations which emerged concomitantly, with the same antidemocratic purpose. This article provides an original analysis of the case of the Yellow movement. It explains how this Paris-based organisation developed by practicing political violence through strikebreaking, and why its transnational development was so important.

The term "Yellow" is a synonym for strikebreaker in many European societies (gelbe, amarillo, giallo, etc.). In pre-1914 Europe, which remained dominated by monarchies, only in republican France this term was explicitly used by a nationalist armed group of strikebreakers, namely, the Yellow movement. In 1899-1901, the French and industrial society experienced an unprecedented wave of massive strikes. Historians saw this popular mobilisation as a prefiguration of the "great labour unrest", which subsequently affected the United Kingdom, between 1911 and 1914. The mobilisation of French workers and republican citizens in this fin de siècle took place in the industrial stronghold of France, along the German border. As a reaction, powerful industrialists created the first "Yellow" organisations. They explicitly conceived them as their "social movement". At the turn of the century, these strikebreakers were officially recognised by octroy. This differentiated the Yellow movement (with a capital "Y") from the many informal yellow organisations which emerged concomitantly, with the same antidemocratic purpose. This article provides an original analysis of the case of the Yellow movement. It explains how this Paris-based organisation developed by practicing political violence through strikebreaking, and why its transnational development was so important.

Marketing is the process used to determine what products or services may be of the interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. This moves them to the rural areas to create satisfaction and uplift their standard of living. Rural areas of the country or countryside are areas that are not urbanized, though when large areas are described country towns and smaller cities are included. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of rural marketing done by women in Virudhunagar district, Tamilnadu. The study investigates further to determine, whether women micro entrepreneurs adopt economic marketing or the non-economic marketing efforts. And will also help the government marketing societies to improve the status of women entrepreneurs in Virudhunagar district. It also helps to suggest the better way of marketing of products and to raise their economic position. The finding of this research will guide to promote the rural women and to guide with better marketing techniques to sell their products. In order to collect and gather primary data, structured questionnaire survey methods are used. In addition, information was also collected through discussions and interviews with self-owned business women's, local NGOs and government's grass roots level workers etc.

The study analyzes involvement of children in the decade-long Maoist armed conflict in Nepal, an issue of grave human rights violations. An armed conflict affects all sections of the society irrespective of caste, class, gender, region, and religion. However, children have been one of the most vulnerable groups in the Maoist conflict in Nepal. The decade-long Maoist conflict in Nepal has various implications on children such as disruption of education, separation from families, killing and maiming, illegal detention, disability resulting from the conflict, etc. Thus, there has been gross human rights violation of children during the conflict. But one of the worst forms of implications of the Maoist conflict has been the recruitment of children as combatants by the Maoist Army, otherwise known as the People's Liberation Army, formed in 2001, in their fight against the state forces, which is the focus of this study. The article explores how the poor disadvantaged children have been the major target of recruitment by the Maoist. It discusses the role played by the child recruits during the conflict. Besides, it examines the role played particularly by the United Nations as well as the Nepali civil societies in the protection, rehabilitation, and reintegration of children into the civil society.

The identity of the people is an unfinished process, the content of which is changing, is being revised in the era of. A special role in the justification of the identity of the people belongs to myths- poiesis, i.e. the forms of the collective unconscious, derived from the sphere of no-conceived, from not reflexive experience of ethnicity, nation. In modern times the semantic tension tests the identity of the Slavic peoples - Ukrainians, Russians, and the decor of strife leads almost to the rupture of their historical unity. The author raises the question of whether the idea of self-grounding of the people as the ethical, political, ideological goals-societies (West, Russia, Ukraine, etc.) will be saved in today's globalized world. The role of policy of states that change their principles - freedom, equality rights, the observance of the principles of international law and replaced it with the rhetoric of the struggle for power should be noted. In view of the principle of irresponsibility of the state that citizens take responsibility for the future of the people, choosing at the same time not rational foundation of a stability of society, and mythological elements (language, history, tradition, ritual). DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s4p59

Abstract
Societies are aging. This brings with it a lot of negative consequences and risks to companies. Employers are facing a phenomenon which is not fully recognized, and as a corollary there are no fully developed standards and tools for age management as an implemented strategy and personnel policy. Older workers have different needs and expectations regarding not only working conditions, ergonomics, safety, health care etc., but also with respect to social relationships, communication, career perspectives, professional training and development. These factors, as well as the results of research on aging, should be reflected in the practice of human resource management. The purpose of this article is to show the LIKE Age Management Model (LAMM) in the context of suggested practices and models to date. LAMM contains two types of functions: primary ones regarding recruitment, learning and development, health protection and promotion, exit and transitions to retirement procedures; and supporting ones related with flexible working hours, career development, redeployment and comprehensive approaches. The model has been evaluated on the basis of diverse criteria in the context of the proposed instruments described in the LAMM with respect to functions and possibilities of implementation in enterprises.

States intervene increasingly in financing and organization of Olympic elite sport in order to maximize national success in the medal table. In Germany and many other countries too that includes practices that have been criticized as unacceptable in democratic societies: funding of medal-promising sports only, early selection and specialization of young athletes, authoritarian tendencies in sport policy, etc. Are those efforts reflected by a strong desire for medals within the population? Is national success regarded as so important that even critical measures are accepted? And would that indicate more general tendencies to nationalistic or authoritarian attitudes? These and other questions were addressed in a survey carried out in Germany in 2012 ( N = 899). Results show that medals are indeed perceived as important, especially in lower educational levels, but by far not as important as sticking to sporting values and the rules of fair play. Multivariate analyses reveal that the desire for medal success is highly dependent on the belief in and perception of the Olympic competition. For most of the respondents that does not legitimize unfair practices or exploiting athletes, but partly the struggle for medals is also linked with a limited understanding of fair play and nationalistic or authoritarian attitudes.

Improving the business conditions of municipalities and regions, competitiveness concerning the location of new businesses and attraction of highly qualified labor are considered classical topics within regional economics and industrial location theory. Locational competition has intensified over recent years in the wake of the process of globalization, the general development towards a knowledge-based economy, and the dynamic of the international and the national division of labor. This analysis will be carried out in three steps. Firstly, traditional (e.g. industrial location theory) and newer economic approaches (e.g. new economic growth theory, innovative milieu approach etc.) will be outlined by means of discussing their insights and implications regarding the process of industrial location. This discussion shows that modern economies are increasingly developing into service and knowledge societies, in which factors formerly viewed as relevant within locational competition are becoming less important. Secondly, the paper analyzes the empirical evidence for these theoretical findings. According to existing empirical work, the evidence suggests that present studies mainly support the theoretically derived thesis of a shift in the classical ranking of locational factors. Finally, the paper seeks to explore conclusions concerning the design of local and regional economic policy at multiple governance levels.