Suchergebnisse

The incidence of poverty is evidenced among rural farm households in developing societies. As a result of persistence poverty among rural farm households, there is sudden upsurge in agricultural livelihood diversification and rural-urban migration resulting in high rate of urban unemployment. To help generate suitable policy variables to help tackle this rampaging issue in the Southsouth region of Nigeria, this study specifically analyzes poverty and income inequality as well as identified determinants of poverty among rural farm households in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Data were collected from 390 rural farm household heads spread across the rural areas of the State. Combination of sampling methods was employed to sample cross sectional data from respondents. The study used descriptive tools and regression analysis (Tobit regressions) to analyze information collected. The socio-economic analysis reveals that, most farming household heads were male; an average of 12.3 years of formal was discovered; social capital formation was poor, while average age stood at 42.5 years. About 33.08 % of male headed households and 22.05 % of female headed households live below poverty line in the study area. Income inequality index revealed 0.4210 for male headed households and 0.4531 for female counterpart. The Tobit model estimates revealed that, household head farming experience, years in social organization, level of formal education, farm and non-farm income were negative drivers of rural poverty in the region. Household's age, household size, structure of land ownership and gender were positive drivers of poverty among rural farming households. It is recommended that sound family welfare packages should be implemented in the rural communities. Also, social capital formation should be promoted among rural farming households, while adult education policies should be re-visited. Government of the region should also improve educational facilities in the rural areas and make marginal lands available to less privileged farmers. ; Случаи бедности наблюдаются среди сельских фермерских хозяйств в развивающихся странах. В результате сохраняющегося состояния бедности среди сельских фермерских хозяйств отмечается внезапный всплеск диверсификации средств существования и миграция из сельских районов в города, что приводит к высокому уровню безработицы в городах. Для того, чтобы помочь создать подходящие мобильные решения для содействия решению этой проблемы, актуальной для Юго-южном регионе Нигерии, в рамках настоящего исследования выполнен анализ бедности и неравенства в доходах. Были также выявлены детерминанты бедности среди сельских фермерских хозяйств в Akwa Ibom State, Нигерия. Данные были получены от 390 глав сельских фермерских хозяйств, размещенных в сельской местности штата. При формировании выборки были использованы перекрестные данные. В исследовании использованы описательный метод и метод регрессионного анализа (тобит регрессий) для анализа собранной информации. Социально-экономический анализ показывает, что руководителями большинства фермерских хозяйств были лица мужского пола; стаж руководства – 12,3 лет; формирование социального капитала было недостаточным, несмотря на то, что средний возраст составил 42.5 года. Около 33,08 % семей, возглавляемых мужчинами и 22,05 % семей, возглавляемых женщинами, живут ниже черты бедности в исследуемой области. Индекс неравенства доходов составил 0.4210 для фермерских хозяйств с мужчиной во главе и 0.4531 для аналогичных хозяйств, возглавляемых женщинами. Оценки Тобит модели показали, что опыт главы сельского хозяйства, опыт работы в общественной организации, уровень формального образования, доходов фермы и доходов в несельскохозяйственном секторе являются отрицательные факторами, содействующими сельской бедности в регионе. Возраст фермерского хозяйства, размер хозяйства, структура собственности на землю и пол главы хозяйства были положительными факторами бедности среди сельских фермерских хозяйств. Рекомендуется, применение пакетов социального обеспечения семьи в сельских общинах. Кроме того, следует поощрять формирование социального капитала среди сельских фермерских хозяйств, при условии, что политика образования для взрослых должна быть пересмотрена. Правительству региона следует также улучшить образовательные учреждения в сельской местности и сделать marginal земли доступными для менее привилегированных фермеров.

The research is aimed at investigating the social organisation processes and the problems of organic solidarity formation in the youth environment. Methods. The author applies for the mass formal and qualitative sociological research that approves the types and reasons of social activity among representatives of different youth groups. Empirical investigations named «Youth Policy and Social Activity of Youth» were carried out in the south cities of Tyumen region in January-February, 2014. 859 people took part in this survey. The series of the qualitative survey was multistage, quota-share representing young people from 18 to 30 years with age-gender characteristics and settlement place. The methods involve qualitative investigation of focus-groups; and the method of narrative interviews. Data analysis was based on Emile Durkheim's theoretical concept of social solidarity enriched by the term «social capital» in modern interpretation. Results. The research findings demonstrate a gap between asserted and real image of socially active and socially passive youth. Youth behavioral responses within the context of social solidarity are analyzed. The youth imputation of general, global «social passivity» is not proved by empirical verification. The au thor notes that the most attractive activities for youth are sports, creative projects and tourism; young people like least being involved in political events, building mutually beneficial cooperation relationships and meeting planning with representatives of different cultures and nationalities. Communication, social relations, social supports and altruistic motives (social benefit) are presented foremost in the hierarchy of social activity motives. Scientific novelty. The author classifies social behavior attitudes of today's youth. The author updates the terms «organic/inorganic solidarity», «social intercourse » and «social capital» by reference to specific empirical data. The possibilities of self-presentation analysis of young social groups are considered. The practical significance. The research outcomes reveal the disadvantages and failures of contemporary educational system, theoretically-predicted social consequences between differences of verbally formulated and fabulously distributed image of «socially active» and «socially passive» youth ; В статье рассматриваются процессы социальной организации и проблемы формирования органической солидарности в молодежной среде. Методика и методы. Автором предпринято массовое формализованное и качественное социологическое исследование, на материалах которого показаны типы и мотивы социальной активности представителей различных групп молодежи. Эмпирические изыскания под общим названием «Молодежная политика и социальная активность молодежи» проводились в городах югаТюменской области в январе-феврале 2014 г. Выборка количественного опроса, состоящая из 859 человек, была многоступенчатой, квотной, репрезентирующей молодых людей от 18 до 30 лет по половозрастному признаку и месту поселения. В ходе работы использовались метод качественного обследования фокус-групп и метод нарративных интервью. Анализ данных производился с опорой на теоретическую концепцию социальной солидарности Э. Дюркгейма, дополненную в современной трактовке понятием «социальный капитал». Результаты. Показано несоответствие декларируемого и реального портрета социально активной и социально пассивной молодежи. В контексте концепции социальной солидарности даны поведенческие характеристики представителей молодого поколения. Обвинения молодежи в общей, глобальной «социальной пассивности» не подтведились эмпирической проверкой. В молодежной среде наиболее привлекательными направлениями для приложения сил являются спорт, творческие проекты, туризм. Наименьший интерес вызывают политические мероприятия и установление контактов, организация встреч с представителями разных культур и национальностей. В иерархии мотивов социальной активности на первом месте находится общение, далее следуют социальные связи, социальные лифты и альтруистические мотивы(общественная польза). Научная новизна. Дана классификация социальных установок поведения современной молодежи. Исходя из конкретных эмпирических данных уточнены термины «органическая/неорганическая солидарность», «социальные связи» и «социальный капитал». Продемонстрированы возможности анализа самопрезентаций социальных групп молодежи. Практическая значимость. Обозначены недостатки современной системы воспитания, спрогнозированы социальные последствия несовпадения вербально формулируемого и мифологически распространяемого образа «социально активной» и «социально пассивной» молодежи

This article proves that man's relationship to their health in each case have varying traits under the influence of sociocultural, psychological and physiological factors which the world outlook is created from childhood, which implies the appropriate type of behavior that is fixed through the media and social authorities. It is established that scientific knowledge should not be against a man, and should enhance the power of man over nature, but can be transformed into a powerful weapon against humanity. It is noted that science is neutral in terms of values. Will it carry a positive or negative charge to human health depends on the social and cultural markers specific historical era and behavior of the individual. It was found that in addition to the economic crisis, which requires long-term joint economic and political transformations, the most important factor and more accessible to maintaining high adaptive potential health functions at all levels is valeological literacy social subjects and, therefore, imperative the systematic distribution of hygiene recommendations is a significant component of preventive medicine. With the growth of social and technological factors with their aggressive effect on psychophysiological state of man is seen timely more talk even not about health in general, but should talk about potential health, which underlines the difficulties adaptive and protective processes and susceptibility factors and resistance to pathological changes in the human body. All the more so when we following the formal standards of medicine is unlikely, unfortunately, we be found absolutely healthy people. Under the proposed potential health understood as a set of quantitative and qualitative structural and functional characteristics of the organism, which determine the level of adaptation and protection of human capabilities in adverse conditions, internal and external environment. It is proposed to examine potential health following levels: personal health potential of a particular social entity, group health potential (groups by age, gender, place of residence, social status, ethnicity, education, occupation, etc.), potential health society (population as a whole, society certain countries). Also, be aware that the effects of experiencing psychological, physiological, social and spiritual potential health components. ; Обосновывается, что отношение человека к собственному здоровью приобретает в каждом случае разные черты под влиянием социокультурных, психологических и физиологических факторов, на фоне которых с детства формируется мировоззрение, на основании которого проявляется соответствующий тип поведения, который закрепляется благодаря средствам массовой информации и социальным авторитетам. Установлено, что научные знания, которые должны не разрушать, а усиливать могущество человека над природой, могут трансформироваться в мощное оружие против человечества. Отмечается, что наука является нейтральной с точки зрения ценностных ориентаций. Будет ли она нести положительный или отрицательный заряд для здоровья человека зависит от социокультурных маркеров конкретной эпохи и поведения конкретного человека. Установлено: кроме преодоления экономического кризиса, что требует длительных экономико-политических трансформаций, самой важной и более доступной возможностью в сохранении высоких адаптационных функций потенциала здоровья на всех уровнях является обеспечение валеологической грамотности социальных субъектов. ; Доводиться, що ставлення людини до власного здоров'я набуває в кожному випадку неоднакових рис під впливом соціокультурних, психологічних і фізіологічних факторів, на тлі яких з дитинства твориться світогляд, з якого випливає відповідний тип поведінки, що закріплюється завдяки засобам масової інформації та соціальним авторитетам. Встановлено, що наукові знання, які повинні не руйнувати, а посилювати могутність людини над природою, можуть трансформуватися у потужну зброю проти людства. Наголошується, що наука є нейтральною з точки зору ціннісних орієнтацій. Чи буде вона нести позитивний або негативний заряд для здоров'я людини залежить від соціокультурних маркерів конкретної історичної епохи і поведінки конкретної людини. З'ясовано, що окрім подолання економічної кризи, що потребує тривалих спільних економіко-політичних трансформацій, найважливішою і більш доступною можливістю у збереженні високих адаптаційних функцій потенціалу здоров'я на всіх рівнях є забезпечення валеологічної грамотності соціальних суб'єктів.

Risks from climate change and natural hazards are heavily menacing the people of Tajik communities in almost every corner of the country. The view on and the perception of these risks and the interpretation of subsequent disasters is strongly influenced by the Muslim culture on the one side and by the difficult economic conditions of individuals, households, communities and the society as a whole on the other side. This research aims to contribute to the understanding of Central Asian people's perception and interpretation of nature and their views and approaches to today's environmental changes and risks. Tajikistan is highly disaster-prone; climate-induced hazards like floods, droughts, mud flows, cold waves or snow avalanches constitute a major threat to people's live, livelihood and (sustainable) development. Whereas scientific technical knowledge about climate change and resulting natural hazards and environmental degradation exists to a certain extent, the knowledge about local people's perceptions and interpretation of nature and its hazardous development is scarce. This gap has been addressed by fieldwork using ethnographic methods in selected villages in Southern Khatlon and Kuhistoni Badakhshon. A total of 230 interviews and focus group discussions were conducted between 2010 and 2013 in these two geographically and culturally different areas. The interpretation of the results explains differences of the scientific technical and local citizens' views and highlights to what extent the perception and resulting actions are influenced by factors like educational background, religious affiliation and depth of religiosity or gender. A review of today's literature of the Muslim academic community about the topic was carried out in addition to the fieldwork. The studies in Southern Khatlon and Kuhistoni Badakshon revealed a clear distinction between a rational, technical view and a cultural and religious interpretation of nature, climate change and related natural hazards and subsequent disasters. Whereas villagers have a bias towards the spiritual side, clerical people or schoolchildren are also using scientific-technical explanations for the occurrence of risks and disasters. This coincides with the views of the Islamic science community: Muslim scientists use in parallel a scientific-technical framework as well as a strong spiritual one. In contrary, the cultural and religious realm in the discussion of the topic is completely missing in the official Tajikistan (national and local authorities) as well as in Tajik media. Here the scientific-technical (and Western) view prevails. The studies further revealed that risks from climate change, related natural hazards and environmental degradation are only one type of risks in a context of high economic threats and political uncertainty: health risks, economic shortfalls (including aspects of poverty and food insecurity), political stability or educational deficiencies are much higher on peoples' agenda than the environment. Almost everybody acknowledges environmental problems but considers these of lower importance than the other risks. However, households and communities in the Pamir value their environment much less a threat than those in Southern Khatlon, although disasters from natural hazards seem to be much more obvious in the Pamir. Many individuals show fatalistic attitudes towards hazards, risks and and subsequent disasters; nevertheless, there are also practical as well as spiritual risk management strategies people apply. Obviously, the higher the level of poverty the less people see the necessity to be concerned about the environment. They would opt for risk reduction and environmental protection only when they have a direct (economic) benefit from these activities.

Uvod: U Republici Hrvatskoj zakon ne predviđa darovanje organa nakon cirkulacijske smrti iako je ono često u pojedinim drugim državama. Cilj: utvrditi koliko je mogućih darovatelja bubrega nakon cirkulacijske smrti bilo u jednogodišnjem razdoblju (2012.) u Kliničkome bolničkom centru Osijek (KBCO). Nacrt istraživanja: presječno istraživanje. Ispitanici i postupci: ispitanici su bili preminule osobe (N=1652) primljene na Zavod za patologiju KBCO tijekom 2012. Procjenjivalo se zadovoljavaju li Maastrichtske kriterije za darovanje organa nakon cirkulacijske smrti. Podaci su preuzeti iz medicinske dokumentacije i statistički obrađeni u SPSS-u. Rezultati: Maastrichtske kriterije zadovoljilo je 215 ispitanika (13 %), 53 od tih ispitanika isključeno je zbog kontraindikacija za transplantaciju (TX), te je konačan broj mogućih darovatelja bio 162 (10 %). Medijan dobi bio je 72 godine (42-91), a 83 od 162 (51 %) bilo je muškoga spola. Najčešći su uzroci smrti srčanožilne bolesti (78 %), a najviše mogućih darovatelja nakon cirkulacijske smrti preminulo je na Klinici za internu medicinu (42 %). Najčešće zadovoljeni Maastrichtski kriterij je bio drugi (88 %, neuspješna reanimacija). Nije utvrđena statistički značajna udruženost pojedinih Maastrichtskih kriterija sa spolom niti s dobi. U značajno ranijoj životnoj dobi preminuli su muški ispitanici. Zaključak: broj mogućih darovatelja bubrega nakon cirkulacijske smrti tijekom godine dana u KBCO bio je 162. Mogućnost darovanja nakon cirkulacijske smrti mogla bi povećati broj mogućih darovatelja bubrežnih presadaka i još više poboljšati uspjeh TX u Republici Hrvatskoj. Na razini KBCO može se reći da bi se broj TX s mogućim darovateljima mogao povećati i do 27 puta (otprilike je aktualno 12 TX godišnje, uz mogućnost po dvije bubrežne TX od jednoga darovatelja), premda bi vjerojatno manje tih darovatelja bilo i ostvareno, s obzirom na njihovu stariju životnu dob te moguće protivljenje obitelji darovanju organa. ; Introduction: In the Republic of Croatia organ donation after circulatory death (DCD) is not regulated by law, although this practice is well represented in some other countries. Goal of the research: To determine how many potential donors after circulatory death were eligible during the one-year period (2012) at University Hospital Centre Osijek (UHCO). Study design: cross-sectional study. Examinees and methods: The examinees included 1652 deceased persons who were admitted to the Department of Pathology of the UHCO during 2012. They were assessed for meeting the Maastricht criteria for organ DCD. Data were taken from medical documentation and statistically analyzed by SPSS. Results: 215 examinees met the Maastricht criteria (13 %), 53 of them were excluded due to the contraindications for donation, thus the final number of potential DCD was 162 (10 %). The median age was 72 years (range 42-91), and 83 (51 %) of 162 were males. The most common causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (78 %), and the highest number of potential DCD died at the Department of Internal Medicine (42 %). The most commonly met Maastricht criterion was the criterion 2 (88 %, unsuccessful resuscitation). Only one examinee met Maastricht criteria 1. Statistically significant association of particular Maastricht criteria with sex or age was not found. The examinees of male gender died at an earlier age. Conclusion: the number of potential DCD in a single year at the UHCO was 162, of which 161 were for kidney donation. Transplantation (TX) from DCD would increase the number of potential donor kidney transplants and further enhance the success of TX in Croatia. At the level of UHCO the number of kidney TX with those donors could increase up to 27 times (considering 12 kidney TX annually so far and 2 possible kidneys from a single DCD), although in reality probably less of those DCD would be realized, due to their old age and possibility of their families refusing the organ donation.

Antecedentes: Este artículo pretende estudiar y analizar la población extranjera de mujeres que cumplen condena en las prisiones españolas. El colectivo de reclusas latinoamericanas es el más numeroso, siendo las colombianas las que presentan el porcentaje más elevado. Objetivo: El objetivo es intentar conectar algunas situaciones de criminalidad de estas mujeres con su relación desde y hacia América Latina, y principalmente con Colombia.Metodología: La metodología utilizada se basa en un enfoque multimétodo donde se han empleado varios instrumentos dentro del Proyecto sobre «Mujeres reclusas drogodependientes» [EDU2009-13408] realizado en toda España a través de cuestionarios y entrevistas. Resultados: Los resultados de esta investigación evidencian las vinculaciones delictivas contra la salud pública que desde la feminización de la pobreza se enlazan con diferentes formas de violencia (directa, estructural y cultural). Conclusiones: Las mujeres colombianas –dentro de las de América Latina- constituyen el grupo principal de mujeres dentro del ámbito penitenciario español. La tipología delictiva es el tráfico de drogas (en especial sustancias como la cocaína y el cannabis), que puede estar relacionada con la feminización de la pobreza y el sostenimiento familiar.Palabras clave: Colombia, feminización de la pobreza, género, población reclusa, tráfico de drogas Abstract Background: This article aims to study and analyze the foreign population of women serving sentences in Spanish prisons. The group of Latin American inmates is the largest, being Colombian women the highest percentage present. Objective: The objective is to attempt to connect some crime situations of these women with their relationship to and from Latin America, mainly in Colombia. Methodology: The methodology employed is based on a multi-method approach where various instruments have been applied within the project on "Women inmates addicts" [EDU2009-13408] performed throughout Spain by questionnaires and interviews. Results: The results of this research evidence crime against public health linkages that bind to different forms of violence (direct, structural and cultural) from the feminization of poverty. Conclusions: Colombian women – within those of Latin America– are the main group of women within the Spanish prisons. The main type of crime is drug trafficking (particularly substances such as cocaine and cannabis), which may be related to the feminization of poverty and family support.Keywords: Colombia, feminization of poverty, gender, inmate population, and drug trafficking. Resumo Antecedentes: Este artigo pretende estudar e analisar a população estrangeira de mulheres que cumprem pena nas prisões de Espanha. O grupo de detentos latino-americanos é o mais numeroso, sendo as colombianas as que apresentam a porcentagem mais elevada. Objetivo: O objetivo é intentar conectar algumas situações de criminalidade destas mulheres com sua relação desde e para América Latina, e principalmente com a Colômbia. Metodologia: A metodologia utilizada se baseia numa abordagem multi-método onde se tem empregado vários instrumentos dentro do Projeto sobre: «Mulheres prisioneiras drogodependentes» [EDU2009-13408] realizado em toda a Espanha através de questionários e entrevistas. Resultados: Os resultados desta pesquisa evidenciam as vinculações delitivas contra a saúde pública que desde a feminização da pobreza se relacionam com diferentes formas de violência (direta, estrutural e cultural). Conclusões: As mulheres colombianas – dentro das de América Latina- constituem o grupo principal de mulheres dentro do âmbito penitenciário espanhol. A tipologia delitiva é o tráfico de drogas (em especial sustâncias como a cocaína e o Cannabis), que pode estar relacionada com a feminização da pobreza e o sustento familiar.Palavras-chave: Colômbia, feminização da pobreza, género, população carcerária, tráfico de drogas.

Este é um estudo quantitativo e descritivo, que tem como objetivo caracterizar o perfil de docentes e alunos e identificar a presença de recursos didáticos e audiovisuais para a modalidade EJA; realizado com 12 docentes e 60 alunos numa escola pública de Uberaba-MG, através de entrevista a partir de questionário, no mês de Junho de 2014. Dentre os principais resultados destacam-se: 66,7% são do gênero feminino; 50% acima de 41 anos; 58,4% tem graduação, 33,3% tem especialização e 8,3% mestrado; 50% trabalham há mais de 21 anos; 66,7% dos docentes trabalham na EJA de um a 10 anos; 100% referiu que o material didático e recursos audiovisuais são inadequados. No que se refere ao perfil dos alunos: sexo feminino, de 26a 35 anos, casados, com filhos, trabalhadores com carteira assinada, com renda individual de 1 salário mínimo, morando em zona urbana e distante da EJA, sem apoio da empresa tanto para estudar, quanto para ações de capacitação. O estudo mostrou a necessidade de se ampliar ações de capacitação aos professores e estímulos aos alunos, em especial na esfera de gestão pública da educação.Descritores: Educação; Ensino fundamental e médio; Ensino.This is a quantitative and descriptive study, that aims to characterize the profile of teachers and students and identify the presence of didactic and audiovisual resources for EJA mode; held with 12 teachers and 60 students in a public school of Uberaba-MG, Brazil, through interview from questionnaire in June 2014.Among the main results are: 66,7% are female gender; 50% over 41 years; 58,4% have a BA or BS, 33,3% have specialization and 8,3% master's degree; 50% work as more than 21 years; 66,7% of teachers working in the EJA from one to 10 years; 100% stated that the teaching materials and audiovisual resources are inadequate. With regard to the students' profile: female, of the 26 35 years, married, withchildren, workers officially registered, with individual income of 1 minimum wage, living in the urban area and distant from the EJA, without company's support both for study and for training actions. The study showed the need to expand training activities for teachers and students, in particular stimuli in the sphere of public administration education.Descriptors: Education; Education primary and secondary; Teaching.Este es un estudio cuantitativo y descriptivo, que tiene como objetivo caracterizar el perfil de profesores y alumnos e identificar la presencia de recursos didácticos y audiovisuales para el modo de EJA; hecho con 12 profesores y 60 alumnos en una escuela pública de Uberaba-MG, Brasil, a través de entrevista y cuestionario en junio de 2014. Entre los principales resultados destacanse: 66,7% son de sexo femenino; 50% más de 41 años; 58,4% hicieron La graduación, 33,3% tienen especialización y 8,3% mastria; 50% trabajan más de 21 años; el 66,7% de profesores que trabajan en la EJA de uno a 10 años; 100% declaró queel material didáctico y recursos audiovisuales son inadecuados. En relación con el perfil del alumnado:mujer, de 26 de 35 años, casados, con hijos, trabajadores oficialmente registrados, con ingreso individual de 1 salario mínimo, viven en el área urbana y distante de la EJA, sin apoyo de la compañía para estudio y acciones formativas. El estudio demostró la necesidad de ampliar las actividades de formación para profesores y para alumnos, estímulos en el ámbito de la educación de la administración pública.Descriptores: Educación; Educación primária y secundária; Enseñanza.

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Economía de los Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente ; Se identifica los efectos negativos de la contaminación del agua del río Vilcanota, sobre la economía de familias rurales en zonas de pobreza; se estima el valor del daño económico, y se analiza los principales aspectos sociales, que contribuyen a la mayor probabilidad de enfermedades de origen hídrico, en personas y ganado vacuno, por contacto con el agua contaminada. Los efectos identificados son mayores costos por atención a enfermedades, reducción en niveles de productividad, y pérdida de activos pecuarios. Para la valoración se utilizó el método del costo del daño, en base a una encuesta aplicada en ocho comunidades campesinas. Los resultados indican que una familia rural dedica el 5% de su gasto anual a cubrir los costos de enfermedades de origen hídrico, de personas y ganado vacuno, y enfrenta una reducción en productividad de carne y leche, y pérdidas en activos pecuarios, que alcanzan magnitudes del 17%, y 14%, respectivamente. En total suman el 36% de su gasto anual. A nivel agregado el valor del daño económico total es de 5.2 millones de soles anuales. Para el análisis econométrico se utilizó un modelo Logit, de elección discreta con variables cualitativas. Los resultados indican que la edad del jefe de familia y su género son los aspectos sociales más importantes para reducir la probabilidad de enfermedades humanas de origen hídrico; y que el nivel de gasto en salud animal y el grado de información sobre los peligros del agua contaminada, son los aspectos más relevantes para lo mismo en ganado vacuno. El análisis efectuado revela que es de grado alto la magnitud de daño económico que genera la contaminación del agua en el río Vilcanota, implicando pérdidas en ingresos corrientes y un proceso de descapitalización, que van en sentido contrario a los esfuerzos estatales de reducción de la pobreza rural. ; The aims of this study were threefold: identify the negative effects of river water pollution on poor rural families' economies; estimate the value of economic losses, and; analyze the main social issues that increase the probability of water disease affecting family members and cattle. The main negative effects included increases in costs related to human and animal health, decreased productivity and losses of animal assets. The damage cost method was used for the economic evaluation and data was obtained from a survey carried out in eight rural communities. Results showed that a rural family dedicates 5% of its total annual spending to pay for medical costs related to water diseases, and at the same time faces a reduction in meat and milk productivity as well as losses in animal assets, to the order of 17% and 14% respectively. In total, these costs represent 36% of annual family spending. For the total number of families, annual losses are estimated at 5.2 million Peruvian Soles (2.0 million US dollars). A Logic Model and qualitative variables were used for econometric analysis. Results showed that the age and gender of the head of the rural family were the most relevant variables affecting the probability of human water-related disease. In addition, spending levels on animal health and information about water pollution were more relevant variables for reducing the probability of water borne disease amongst cattle. Water pollution of Vilcanota River is causing significant economic losses through a decrease in rural families' incomes and asset losses; which seem to contradict government efforts to overcome rural poverty. ; Tesis

This thesis aims to map out the challenges in exporting Finnish education from three dimensions: 1) challenges in maintaining Finnish education quality and reputation; 2) challenges in adapting the Finnish education to another culture context; and 3) challenges in managing the export as an international project business. Qualitative content analysis is used as the research method. The EPA project between Finland and UAE were chosen to be the empirical case. Data is collected from online database, academic journals and articles, official documents, reports, websites and press release. Data is analyzed with theories and perspectives from both Education and Business discipline. The Resource Based View theory (RBV) is used to identify the key resources and capabilities Finland has in its education system. It is concluded that Finland has competitive resources such as unique educational knowhow, relatively sufficient financial and physical assets and highly competent teaching force; as well as the capabilities to manage, deploy and develop these assets. Nonetheless, there are a number of considerable challenges in sustaining and developing these resources and capabilities, particularly due to the economic pressure. In addition, evidence shows that many factors behind education success are beyond school control. The PEST (political, economic, socio-cultural and technological) analysis of the UAE macro environment draws a picture of the possible obstacles in the executing the EPA project and in adapting the Finnish education practice to the UAE schools. Among other things, the comparison of the governance indicators shows that there are compelling gaps in terms of rule of law and voice and accountability between the UAE and the Finnish governance. The economic analysis concludes that it is important to invest in education but even more important is how the invested resources are deployed. The socio-cultural analysis indicates that differences in power distance, gender issues, school structure and school culture can lead to challenges for fusing the Finnish education practice with the local one. The technological analysis stresses that even if technology resources are sufficient in schools, there might be a lack of competence in technology usage and development, in addition to the different attitudes and levels of comfort among teachers in technology integration. International Project Business theories suggest that project business often consist of complexity, uncertainty, discontinuity, and uniqueness. Possible challenges of the empirical case with regard to these characteristics are described; for example Finland has little experience in education export and weak skills in international business, especially due to the distinct culture in UAE, there are greater complexities and uncertainties expected. To conclude, there are enormous complexities and interrelations between and among resources and context. Incontrovertibly the success factors behind Finnish education are intertwined politically, culturally and economically with other sectors of society. It is discovered that despite all efforts in nurturing a student-centric education system in UAE, the outcome of this reform seems to be little satisfying. To cope with identified challenges and risks, it is suggested that government officers, managers and other stakeholders in decision-making position must develop their knowledge and skills to make informed and justifiable decisions during all processes involved in internationalizing the Finnish education. Education export shall be carried out with expertise from, both education and business management. Last but not least, education export must be studied through an ethical lens due to its complex and influential nature. Carried out well, education export, as a way of enabling us to learn from other education systems can equip us with tools and knowledge to better develop our education and societies.

Includes bibliographical references ; This thesis employs a life-history approach to investigate how a teacher-identity is cohered under conditions of education resistance in South Africa. The life-history is situated within the broad rubric of narrative studies, but extends this to investigating a teacher's life within its complex locations of class, race, gender and religion. Alie Fataar was a legendary teacher at the Livingstone High School in Claremont, Cape Town, was a founder-member of the Non European Unity Movement (NEUM), General-Secretary of the Teachers' League of South Africa (TLSA), founder-member of the African People's Democratic Union of Southern Africa (APDUSA), and Joint-Secretary of the Unity Movement of South Africa (UMSA) in exile. He was banned in 1961 under the Suppression of Communism Act, and went into exile in 1965. The study tracks his teaching and political journeys in South Africa, and across three fledgling post-colonial African countries, namely Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The primary data employed in the study are the transcribed narratives of more than fifty hours of semi-structured interviews conducted with the teacher, Alie Fataar. The study also employs secondary data in the form of life-history documents sourced from the respondent, and is supplemented by photographs sourced from the respondent, as well as archival materials which supplement the narrative data. This vast body of data is analysed using a constructivist grounded theory approach. Data analysis was facilitated by the employment of QSR-NVivo 10, a qualitative data-analysis computer software package well suited to a grounded theory analysis. The study is the first known doctoral work in South Africa to utilise a life-history framework to explore the contextualised life of a teacher associated with the TLSA as this life engages with legislative frameworks, official policies, professional teacher associations, local communities, colleagues, personal networks, political movements and other social actors in the context of resistance in South African education. The study helps us understand the fluid discursive dimensions of a teaching life as it navigates complex personal, political and professional fields in the broader context of education resistance in fiercely contested social and political arenas. The study's main finding is that Alie Fataar resists several essentialising social forces, including class, racial and religious identities, and, in doing so, the study finds that Alie Fataar holds consistently to a central, life-organising identity of the teacher as the supreme public intellectual under conditions of resistance in education and the broader socio-political-economic framework in South Africa. The study contributes to the still-sparse academic literature on the teachers of the TLSA, and simultaneously contributes to Cape social history and the politics of intellectual marginalisation in the Muslim community in the Cape from the first quarter of the twentieth century. The study makes theoretical contributions to the academic fields of life-history and the literature on exile, and contends that the researcher-researched continuum must be made explicit throughout a life-history study if the authorial voice of the subject of such a study is not to be subjugated. In terms of teacher-policy formulation, the study finds that the complex and nuanced identity-formation of teachers makes it imperative that the teacher-policy arena incorporates the voices of teachers in policy formulation. This avoids policy mismatches with regard to the very group, teachers, who are expected to adopt and implement these policies in schools.

Problem setting. The emergence of the first national legal code – Russkaya Pravda was associated with the name of Grand Prince Yaroslav Mudryi. Since the law is normative background of the whole legal system, scientific interest represents research of hereditary traits «legal rights» if Kievan Rus' and modern Ukraine. Although the level of law development and legal consciousness, the place in society life, learning values and legal conditions for a thousand years in our country have changed drastically, but remained from past times in succession important principles, traditions and institutions.Recent research and publications analysis. The authors of fundamental monographs «Legal custom as a source of Ukrainian law» / By Edition of. I. B. Usenko (2006), «The legal system of Ukraine: history, status and prospects» : 5 t. Vol. 1 (2008), new articles in the book «Russkaya Pravda of Yaroslav Mudryi, the beginning of legislation of Kievan Rus'» (2014 ) examined the sources of law of Kiev Rus, the use of customary law in the legal system of Ukraine. In this article attention is focused brief analysis on certain principles of succession and norms of institutes of the Russkaya Pravda (RP) of Yaroslav Mudryi and modern Codes of Ukraine and their interpretation in scientific comments.Paper objective. «Truth» in Russia is understood as a law by common law – justice. It is in the law of justice – its universal and timeless value. Since the days of long RP customary law were on a par with the norms of written law. In Ukraine, the legal tradition is an additional source of law, its role is increasing in terms of expanding the scope of private law. The article analyzes the norms of articles Civil Code of Ukraine, the Family Code of Ukraine that provides, as in RP the application of customs, established in civil relations.Paper main body. By comparing articled of ancient code with the relevant articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the author concludes: Old Russian and modern legislators consider the protection of human life as the major task, the same consider the actus reus of criminal act. RP is not only limited the use of blood revenge, but removed the death penalty from the list of punishments by princely court. This punishment was not allowed by the Criminal Code of Ukraine, thereby continuing the RP humane line in criminal law. Both legal acts, separated by a thousand years, settled two main objectives – protection of public relations from criminal offenses, the prevention of crime. RP envisaged the protection of individual human rights - the boyars, freemen, even dependent people (villains) and slaves. The legislator aimed to establish principles of equality in the state as it was understood that time. In times of Yaroslav Mudryi, Yaroslavichey and Vladimir Monomakh, Rus' did not know persecution of people based on their religious beliefs, direct or indirect restriction of rights, or privileges on grounds of religious belief, gender, economic status or place of residence.Conclusions. It is concluded that the historical type of the Russkaya Pravda and modern domestic legal system, despite the past millennium, in total reflects – national traditions in legal understanding, evolution of legal consciousness and culture of the people, the principles of humanism, rule of law, legality, respect to human dignity etc. They reflect the continuity of the legal system of Ukraine initiated by customary law of Kievan Rus', Russkaya Pravda of Yaroslav Mudryi. ; В статье на основе сравнительного анализа выделены общие преемственные черты «законодательного права» Киевской Руси и современной Украины ; У статті на основі порівняльного аналізу визначено спільні спадкоємні риси «законодавчого права» Київської Русі й сучасної України.

Problem setting. Using Internet technologies is essential to the functioning of public institutions and the economy, public policy in conditions of world globalization. Continues to be problematic issue of protecting the rights and interests of individuals and businesses in the Internet. The issue of legal regulation of social relations associated with the use interenet technology is also controversial in terms of academics conceptually – appropriate or not regulation of such relationship, what is the relationship that their essence and that their contents.Recent research and publications analysis. Known for lawyers is to look at the relationship as a product of interaction between people and all kinds and forms relationships arising and function in society is public, aimed at meeting the needs and interests of individuals or their associations. However, the relationship between certain subjects arise and only in such circumstances may use legal mechanisms for the settlement of constitutional, civil, administrative, economic, legal and other relations. In all cases of this relationship is at least two parties, the two entities for the right (law) does not matter in which organizational and legal state, they are relative to each other. It is important that they enter into relationships with each other, and these relations can settle right. Participants Internet relationship certainly serve certain organizations and individuals, but they are not identified as personalities. Each participant may make Internet network any information, preferably only that it did not cause harm to others. Unfortunately this is not always the case. On the Internet you can find data relating to individuals, the way is not always true, but set them Distributor virtually impossible. In the Internet greatly increased the number of entities that use of the Internet in various fields - social, economic, political, cultural, religious, gender, etc. In this regard, we can conclude – a popular use of the Internet, the constant increase in the number of entities using the Internet there is a need to protect the rights and interests of individuals and legal entities, the State (s) of society, to prevent dissemination of false, immoral, criminal information. That is why the support of the Internet network of legal means, that Internet regulation relations.Paper main body. The legal regulation of social relations connected to the Internet is complicated by several factors: a growing number of users; increasing number of spheres of human activity, which finds place using Internet technologies. Under increasing amount of information, the speed of its use in the implementation of people and groups from the creation, transmission, storage, use the destruction of information.Conclusions. Among the principles of activity in the telecommunications sector include: consumer access to publicly available telecommunications services they need to meet their own needs, participation in political, economic and social life; interaction and interconnectedness telecommunications networks for communication between users at all levels; sustainability management of telecommunications networks and these networks based on their technological features based on uniform standards, rules and regulations; State support for development of domestic production of telecommunication equipment; the introduction of world achievements in telecommunications; attraction and use of domestic and foreign material and financial resources, technology, managerial expertise. ; В статье рассмотрены вопросы правового регулирования общественных отношений, которые возникают, развиваются и прекращаются в связи с применением услуг сети Интернет. Проанализированы положения Закона Украины «О телекоммуникациях». ; У статті розглянуті питання щодо правового регулювання суспільних відносин, які виникають, розвиваються та припиняються у зв'язку із застосуванням послуг мережі Інтернет. Проаналізовано положення Закону України «Про телекомунікації».

In the human rights-based arena, the issue of effectiveness is contested tenitory. Since United Nations agencies first began to adopt the human rights-based approach (HRBA) in 1997, many international NGOs have come to accept the value added by the approach. Nonetheless, there are a plethora of international and govemment actors who remain unconvinced about its true value. With sceptics pointing to the conceptual cloud hanging over its definition, the development sector must move away from relying on a gut-sense of effectiveness, and be proactive rather than reactive in proving the programmatic impact of a HRBA. Focusing on rights, as opposed to needs that the chatity-based approach endorses, the HRBA challenges the fundamental power structures that lie at the root of global inequality. Integrating the norms, standards and ptinciples of patticipation, empowerment, accountability and nondiscrimination into plans, policies and processes of development, the HRBA reconfigures development relationships and provides development programs with a more legitimate and authoritative voice with which to pursue effective development. Despite this, the cun ent government and civil society literature on the HRBA and its 'on the ground' impact, reveals very little about the ttue value of the approach. If anything, the case studies by the United Kingdom Inter-Agency Group, the United Nations Development Program with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and Oxfam Ametica with CARE USA, identify that the biggest hurdle in the way of demonstrating the effectiveness of human tights-based development, is that of approptiately combining both quantitative and qualitative data. In this era of rights, one cannot forget that an exaggerated focus on numbers and quantifiable measures of success can blur the future impact of tights and what is often essentially not measurable. Despite the numetical limitations encountered, we must embrace the fact, as Albert Einstein did, that "what has value, cannot always be counted . [and} What gets counted does not always have value." Essentially, while quantitative methods appear attractive in their aura of certainty, they often produce misleading results. Quantity does not equate to quality and as such, numbers do not tell us how less individuals are being discriminated against. Although it is ultimately up to the United Nations Development Program and other international organisations to continue to establish adequate tools of assessment and indicators of impact such as asset accumulation, reduction of vulnerability, inclusion and accountability and obligation, it is recommended that national governments and NGO's: 1. Commission further research into the impact of HRBA programs on thematic areas of aid such as disability, education and gender discrimination; 2. Carry out robust initial assessments of human rights situations prior to the implementation and commencement ofHRBA programs, in order to ascertain appropriate baselines for monitoring and evaluating impact as well as the ability to make comparisons with other programs; 3. Clearly define the aims and objectives of their HRBA programs and allow for clear assessments to be carried out; 4. Undertake monitoring and evaluating procedures that anchor indicators of effectiveness in a n01mative content so that they reflect the norms and principles of a HRBA and are capable of tracking the development of new relationships and products; 5. Utilise neutral third parties at the evaluation stage of a HRBA program in order to avoid criticisms ofbias; and 6. Utilise multiple indicators and sources that communicate both qualitative and quantitative data to provide numerical and descriptive outlines of impact. Only once these measures have been taken, will studies of development effectiveness be able to overcome the limitations of past attempts and truly demonstrate the effectiveness of a HRBA to development.

Bodies Atomic: Lucretian Poetics in the Renaissance reveals a forgotten atomist genealogy at the heart of the lyric tradition. Today, Lucretius is well known as a source of materialist thinking in the Renaissance, but I argue that Renaissance poets read De rerum natura (DRN) as a meditation on the imagination, generating a line of atomist thought in and about verse. In Lucretius's versification of the atom - an invisible body situated at the tender intersection of the imaginary and the corporeal - Renaissance readers discovered a poetics that theorized how the resources of verse could elucidate material reality. On the one hand, Lucretian poetics helped them articulate poetry's purchase on material conditions, from patronage networks to politics. On the other, DRN asserted an intimate connection between poetry and natural philosophy, offering a vision of how poetry might constitute a natural philosophical method, even at a time when the rise of empirical scientific methodologies downgraded the capacity of the human imagination to conceive of and explain natural phenomena. Looking to DRN for theories of the imagination rather than matter, I reconsider what "materialism" means in the context of early modernity, and give a very different answer to the question of what made Lucretius important to the Renaissance. Moving outwards from a reading of Ovid and Petrarch's rarely acknowledged debt to Lucretius, the four chapters cover a wide range of Renaissance lyric, touching on such important figures as Petrarch, Pierre de Ronsard, Remy Belleau, John Donne, and Margaret Cavendish. The first two chapters argue that sixteenth-century French Pléiade poets recast Petrarchism in Lucretian terms, reimagining the Petrarchan poet's tears and sighs as atoms. Under the influence of Lucretius, Petrarchism became a tool for asserting the bond between poetry and matter, particularly for figuring poetic discourse as politically effective, an important concern for poets writing during the Wars of Religion. Chapter One, "A Replica of Love," looks at how Ronsard's Sonnets pour Hélène (1578) and Discours des misères de ce temps (1562) meld the tropes of love poetry with historical and political content. The second chapter, "Natural Resources," engages a lesser-known Pléiade poet, Remy Belleau, to argue that Belleau's lapidary collection, the Pierres précieuses (1576), adapts Lucretius's account of magnetism to figure poetic innovation as the driving force behind France's consolidation of political might, as well as the revivification of her cultural and natural resources. The third and fourth chapters turn to seventeenth-century England to demonstrate the persistence of Lucretian poetics in a period more commonly associated with the birth of modern scientific atomism. "All in You Contracted Is," Chapter Three, argues that John Donne uses atomist cosmology to envision and construct the networks in which his poems circulated. Contrary to common arguments that see in Donne's atomist imagery a hostile reaction to contemporary scientific innovations, I show that atomism is immensely productive for Donne as a way of envisioning literary networks. In my final chapter, "Poems and Fancies," I demonstrate that Margaret Cavendish's early atomist verse develops a Lucretian poetics that leads, in her later natural philosophical writings, to an imaginative epistemology in which fancy and the imagination, not experiment, are the proper tools for natural inquiry. By exposing the philosophical and literary stakes behind Cavendish's feminization of atomist cosmology and imaginative fancy, this chapter directly takes up the issues of gender and agency that run through the first three chapters.

'Estate, a Reverie' tracks the passing of the Haggerston Estate (1936-2014) in Hackney, London and the utopian promise of social housing it offered, with a spirited celebration of extraordinary everyday humanity. Filmed over seven years, 'Estate, a Reverie' reveals and celebrates the resilience of residents who are profoundly overlooked by media representations and wider social responses. Interweaving intimate portraits with the residents' own historical re-enactments, landscape and architectural studies and dramatised scenes, Estate, a Reverie asks how we might resist being framed exclusively through class, gender, ability or disability, and even through geography. Filmmaker's statement: As someone who has spent the vast majority of their life living on large public housing estates, both in Munich and then in London, it was incredibly important to me that the film I was making was not about the community it depicts, but made from within it. The shared living came first. The film followed as an expression of commitment and gratitude to the people with whom I shared 17 years of life. However, it is of course also an interrogation of the political and social forces that lead people / residents to become marginalized and increasingly overlooked and ignored by the wider political and social realm. Over the concentrated duration of making (seven years), various formal filmmaking strategies were deployed. These included long-term observational documentary, dramatic enactment, role play (both historical and contemporary) and interventions in public space and with a wider public. This hybrid aspect of the film developed not out of a desire to be aesthetically "avant-garde" but rather because the various devices were simply the most productive in terms of conveying both the layered aspects of the site, historically, architecturally and socially, and also the similarly textured identities the residents found themselves living within, in terms of how they were viewed by peers, social agencies, and the neighbouring public. The film sought to give the residents a voice and a visual presence – to counter the many myths and clichés of their mainstream representation with images of resilience, strength, and a celebration of spirited existence regardless of the social and economic hand they had been dealt. The film would have been impossible to make without the enormous commitment of the residents and many others - who gave freely of time, equipment and resources to enable the film's production. In this way it was deeply collaborative. The film also seeks to challenge what a documentary about housing might be, even at this time of acute crisis within UK housing. It was a very conscious decision to move away from the statistical and expository towards a poetics of everyday life, built on the extended engagement detailed above. It seeks to inhabit the reverie of the title, offering a certain tone of memory, subjective of course, but one grounded in a common experience of living within difference. This is perhaps a kind of utopian possibility, formed by the shared time of living in an environment confirmed for erasure. However, it also hopes to offer a modest signpost towards a wider relevance and way of being in the city; a more inclusive and supportive form of social and personal interaction, taking place within a more porous and collectively focused urban environment. BFI critics list of best films released on DVD in 2017 Nominated for the 2015 Grierson Award - Best Newcomer Documentary Shortlisted for the Aesthetica Arts Prize Timely, lyrical, made over seven years from within the Hackney housing estate featured A utopian fever dream lived, and a community made, by those abandoned by the structures around them A profound exploration of difference, marginalisation and resilience See also http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/8951/ for additional information about this work.