Suchergebnisse

This article analyses the international conditions during the disintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It is an outline of a broad research problem, a historical analysis from the perspective of the decades-long evolution of Yugoslavia's international position. After its expulsion from the Eastern Bloc in 1948, the country balanced between East and West, becoming one of the founders and leaders of the Non-Aligned Movement. The author focuses on the aspect of Yugoslavia's role in the politics of the West, especially the US and the EEC, during and at the end of the Cold War. It was the West that could, possibly, have played a role in preventing the disintegration of the country in the early 1990s, in contrast to the USSR, which had its own internal problems at that time. What factors influenced Western support for the SFRY during the Cold War? How did Yugoslavia's position in Western politics change when the Cold War rivalry ended? The author points out the temporal connection between the disintegration of the SFRY and, among other things, the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union, the democratisation process in Eastern Europe, German reunification, European integration, and the crisis in the Middle East. In the end, there was a lack of real and coherent action by Western countries to bring about a peaceful solution to the crisis in the Balkans. The consequence of this would be the disintegration of the SFRY and several years of war in the former Yugoslavia.

Latin America's part and problems in the international order that is now emerging have not taken final shape at the present writing (March, 1945), and may not do so for some time after the United Nations Conference scheduled to open at San Francisco on April 25. Nevertheless, most of the main outlines seem to have been sketched in by recent developments, notably by the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals of October, 1944, and two subsequent conferences: the Great-Power conference held at Yalta in February of this year, and the Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace (commonly called the Chapultepec Conference) held at Mexico City in February and March.IThe Dumbarton Oaks Proposals, although neither complete nor definitive, did give an official and rather detailed picture of the kind of general international organization the Great Powers were planning to establish. From the point of view of this paper, the two principal features of the plan were (1) that it established a pattern of Great Power ascendancy in the general organization, particularly with reference to its central organ, the Security Council, and (2) that it encouraged the development of regional arrangements and agencies, such as the inter-American system, within the framework of the general organization (Proposals, Chap. VIII, Sec. C). The former feature was reinforced by the Yalta Conference, the latter by the Chapultepec Conference, which was devoted primarily to the task of strengthening the inter-American system and adapting it to the projected general organization outlined by the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals.

Galand critically spells out a comprehensive conception of the nature and effects of Security Council referrals that responds to the various limits to the International Criminal Court's exercise of jurisdiction over situations that concern nationals and territories of non-party States.

Disparity still exists in the surgical care between sub-Saharan Africa and developed countries. Several international initiatives have been undertaken in the past decades to address the disparity. This study looks at the impact of these programs in child surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa. Review of electronic databases Medline and African Index Medicus on international partnerships for child surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa was undertaken. Four types of international initiatives were identified and consist of periodic medical missions; partnerships between foreign medical institutions or charities and local institutions; international health electives by surgical residents; and training of individual surgeons from developing countries in foreign institutions. The results of these efforts were variable, but sustainability and self-reliance of host nations were limited. Sociocultural factors, dearth of facilities, and lack of local governments' commitment were main impediments to effective local development or transfer of modern protocols of surgical management and improvement of pediatric surgical care at the host community level. Current initiatives may need improvements with better understanding of the sociocultural dynamics and local politics of the host nation, and improved host nation involvement and commitment. This may engender development of locally controlled viable services and sustainable high level of care.

Les dispositions qui visent à la réduction des obstacles non tarifaires et notamment des divergences réglementaires constituent la principale innovation du CETA et celle qui présente les gains économiques potentiels les plus importants. Pour promouvoir la compatibilité et la convergence de leurs réglementations, l'Union européenne et le Canada ont ainsi établi des mécanismes de coopération qui pour la première fois intègrent l'application d'instruments et de pratiques de bonne politique réglementaire au sein d'un traité commercial et créent un cadre institutionnel permanent, destiné à encadrer et promouvoir cette coopération. Bien qu'ils ne modifient pas directement les procédures législatives et réglementaires de l'UE et de ses Etats membres et sont présentés comme volontaires, ces mécanismes de coopération réglementaire figurant dans les accords commerciaux dits de nouvelle génération, tels que le CETA, inquiètent la société civile européenne. Celle-ci craint notamment que ces mécanismes ne portent atteinte aux principes démocratiques et notamment à l'autonomie réglementaire des Etats parties et à leur faculté de protéger, voire de rendre plus contraignantes, les normes de sécurité, de santé, sociales ou environnementales. La présente prend au sérieux ces craintes et tend à y répondre par une analyse descriptive puis évaluative des dispositions du CETA sur la coopération réglementaire. L'analyse procède par ailleurs d'une application du cadre analytique développé par le Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public and International Law dans le cadre de l'établissement de la théorie du droit public international.

Les dispositions qui visent à la réduction des obstacles non tarifaires et notamment des divergences réglementaires constituent la principale innovation du CETA et celle qui présente les gains économiques potentiels les plus importants. Pour promouvoir la compatibilité et la convergence de leurs réglementations, l'Union européenne et le Canada ont ainsi établi des mécanismes de coopération qui pour la première fois intègrent l'application d'instruments et de pratiques de bonne politique réglementaire au sein d'un traité commercial et créent un cadre institutionnel permanent, destiné à encadrer et promouvoir cette coopération. Bien qu'ils ne modifient pas directement les procédures législatives et réglementaires de l'UE et de ses Etats membres et sont présentés comme volontaires, ces mécanismes de coopération réglementaire figurant dans les accords commerciaux dits de nouvelle génération, tels que le CETA, inquiètent la société civile européenne. Celle-ci craint notamment que ces mécanismes ne portent atteinte aux principes démocratiques et notamment à l'autonomie réglementaire des Etats parties et à leur faculté de protéger, voire de rendre plus contraignantes, les normes de sécurité, de santé, sociales ou environnementales. La présente prend au sérieux ces craintes et tend à y répondre par une analyse descriptive puis évaluative des dispositions du CETA sur la coopération réglementaire. L'analyse procède par ailleurs d'une application du cadre analytique développé par le Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public and International Law dans le cadre de l'établissement de la théorie du droit public international.

This paper discusses findings of the Detailed Assessment of Observance of the Insurance Core Principles on Denmark. Insurance regulation in Denmark has a good level of compliance with the Insurance Core Principles. A particular strength of the Danish Financial Supervisory Authority's approach is its close focus on key risks in the sector and its readiness to require action by companies to address vulnerabilities. Regular, even daily monitoring of market risk sensitivities is carried out on life insurers' balance sheets. In nonlife insurance, regular testing of a number of key performance ratio

Part I of the article begins with a review of the rationale and key legal ele- ments of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Part II describes recent efforts by the United States to convince other governments and firms of the need for binding, enforceable and universally accepted rules against corrupt payments to foreign public officials. Parts III and IV survey the activities of various governmental organizations and major private sector groups that support international efforts to effectively discourage foreign bribery, re- spectively. The key sections, Parts V and VI, describe, analyze and critique the two major international conventions, the Inter-American Convention Against Corruption, and the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. Finally, Part VII discusses the further steps that must be taken to be sure that this re- cent progress becomes a significant and effective deterrence to foreign brib- ery.