Suchergebnisse

AbstractIn January 2017, the UK Supreme Court handed down landmark judgments in three cases arising out of the UK government's conduct abroad. In Serdar Mohammed v Ministry of Defence, the Court considered whether detention in non-international armed conflicts was compatible with the right of liberty in Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The second case, Belhaj v Straw, involved an examination of the nature and scope of the foreign act of State doctrine, and its applicability as a defence to tort claims arising out of the alleged complicity of the UK Government in human rights abuses abroad. Finally, Rahmatullah v Ministry of Defence saw the Court examining the nature and scope of the Crown act of State doctrine, and its use as a defence to tort claims alleging unlawful detention and maltreatment. All three cases raise important doctrinal issues and have significant consequences for government accountability and access to a judicial remedy. At the heart of each decision is the relationship between international law and English law, including the ways in which international norms influence the development of English law and public policy, and how different interpretations of domestic law affect how judges resolve questions of international law. These cases also see the judges grapple with the role of the English court in the UK constitutional and international legal orders.

The currently popular concept of two-level games suffers from certain shortcomings as an approach to studying the interaction between domestic- and international-level variables. In the two-level game approach, different types of domestic-international interaction are insufficiently distinguished, and special dynamics of cases involving third parties like military allies are not adequately recognized. This article modifies the two-level game concept by specifying three forms of domestic-international interaction and adding a third level to the framework. The utility of this new "three-and-three" approach is illustrated through analysis of the U.S.-Soviet negotiations on intermediaterange nuclear forces in the 1980s. This analysis generates new hypotheses suggesting that domestic actors can shape the agenda for international negotiations and that certain forms of domestic-international interaction tend to bring about large changes in the positions of the principal parties to a negotiation.

The interconnection between international organizations (IOs) membership and democratization has become a topic of intense debate. However, the main focus of the literature so far has been on IOs created by democratic states and comprised mostly of democracies, for examples the European Union. In contrast to existing studies, this book focuses on another group of regional IOs, referred to as 'non-democratic IOs' which are organizations founded by autocracies. How do these newly emerged organizations interrelate and interact with the outside world? How do they counteract and confront the danger of democratization in their own member states and neighbouring states? This book aims to address these questions by developing a new theory of authoritarian regionalism, and by combining both quantitative and qualitative analysis to test it.

Intro -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- International Human Rights Law and Discrimination Protections: A Comparison of Regional and National Responses -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Introduction -- Part 1: Non-Discrimination and International Human Rights Law Protections: International Avenues -- The United Nations -- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights -- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights -- Specialised International Human Rights Treaties -- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women -- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination -- Convention on the Rights of the Child -- Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities -- Conclusion -- Part 2: Non-Discrimination at Work: The ILO -- The Core Labour Standards -- The Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100) -- The Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) -- Conclusion -- Part 3: Non-Discrimination and International Human Rights Protections: Regional Avenues -- Introduction -- The Council of Europe -- The European Convention on Human Rights -- Discrimination in Employment: The European Social Charter -- The Organisation of African Unity/The African Union -- The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights -- The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, 1990 -- Protocol to the ACHPR on the Rights of Women in Africa 2003 -- The Organisation of American States -- The American Convention on Human Rights -- The American Social Charter -- Conclusion -- Part 4: Non-Discrimination Protections in National Frameworks -- An African Perspective: South Africa -- The 1993 Interim Constitution -- The 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.

Cultures of Uneven and Combined Development seeks to explore and develop Leon Trotsky's concept of uneven and combined development. In particular, it aims to adapt the political and historical analysis which originated in Trotsky's Russia for use within the contemporary field of world literature. As such, it draws together the work of scholars from both the field of international relations and the field of literature and the arts. This collection will therefore be of particular interest to anyone who is interested in new ways of understanding world literary texts, or interested in new ways of applying Trotsky's revolutionary politics to the contemporary world order. 0Contributors: Alexander Anievas, Gail Day, James Christie, Kamran Matin, Kerem Nisancioglu, Luke Cooper, Michael Niblett, Neil Davidson, Nesrin Degirmencioglu, Robert Spencer, Steve Edwards