Suchergebnisse

ÖZET'Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Teorileri Işığı Altında Şirketlerin Yerleşim Serbestisi' adındaki bu çalışmada, Avrupa Topluluğu Antlaşmasının 43. ve 48. maddeleri arasında düzenlenen yerleşim serbestisinin şirketler bakımından uygulanışı ve bu serbesti ile üye devletlerin iç hukuklarına dahil olan kanunlar ihtilafı kurallarının ilişkisi incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, üye devletlerin merkezi kendi ülkelerinde bulunan yabancı şirketlere uygulanacak hukukun tespiti için başvurdukları milletlerarası özel hukuk teorilerinin, şirketlerin Avrupa Topluluğu Antlaşması ile garanti altına alınan yerleşim serbestisinden faydalanması bakımından bir kısıtlama oluşturup oluşturmadığını tespit etmektir.Avrupa Birliği içersinde üye devletlerin merkezi kendi topraklarında bulunan yabancı şirketlere uygulanacak hukukun tespiti için kullandıkları iki temel teori bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan biri, şirkete idare merkezinin bulunduğu yerin hukukunun uygulanmasını öngören 'Gerçek Merkez Teorisi'; diğeri ise, şirketin idare merkezinin nerede bulunduğunu hesaba katmaksızın kuruluş yeri hukukunun uygulanmasını öngören 'Kuruluş Yeri Teorisi'dir. Diğer yandan Avrupa Topluluğu Antlaşmasının 48. maddesi, geçiş döneminin tamamlanması ile birlikte doğrudan uygulanabilirlik kazanan ve belirsiz bir süre için bir başka üye devlette sabit bir yerleşme ile gerçek bir ekonomik faaliyette bulunmayı kapsayan yerleşim serbestisinin şirketlere de uygulanmasını öngörmektedir. Belirtmek gerekir ki, Avrupa Topluluğu Adalet Divanının yerleşmiş içtihatları uyarınca söz konusu yerleşim serbestisi sadece vatandaşlığa dayalı ayrımcılık içeren düzenlemeleri değil, aynı zamanda temel özgürlüğün uygulanmasını engelleyen ya da daha az çekici hale getiren her türlü düzenlemeyi kapsamaktadır.Bu çalışmada üye devletlerde uygulanan milletlerarası özel hukuk teorileri ve Avrupa Topluluğu Antlaşması ile düzenlenen yerleşim serbestisi incelenip, gerçek merkez teorisinin Avrupa Topluluğu Adalet Divanının son yıllardaki içtihatlarında ortaya konulduğu gibi şirketlerin yerleşim serbestisi aleyhine bir kısıtlama oluşturup oluşturmadığı değerlendirilecektir. ABSTRACTThis research with the title 'Freedom of Establishment of Companies in the Light of Private International Law Theories' explores the exercise of freedom of establishment by companies as provided under the articles 43 to 48 of the EC Treaty and the relationship between this fundamental freedom and the conflict of laws rules, which originate from the internal laws of the Member States. The goal of this research is to determine whether the private international law theories, which the Member States apply in order to ascertain the applicable law to a foreign company, the control center of which is located within their territories, constitute a restriction to companies' freedom of establishment guaranteed by the EC Treaty. In the European Union there are two major theories, which the Member States make use of when determining the proper law of a foreign company. One of those theories is the 'real seat theory', which envisages the application of the law of the state, in which the company's centre of administration is located. The other mainstream theory is the incorporation theory, which, regardless of where the company's centre of administration is located, regards the place of incorporation for ascertaining the applicable law. On the other hand, Article 48 of the EC Treaty provides that the freedom of establishment, which comprises the genuine economic activities through a fixed establishment for an indefinite period and is directly applicable since the expiration of the transitional period, also applies to the companies. It must also be mentioned that in accordance with the established case law of the European Court of Justice, freedom of establishment covers not only the prohibition of discriminatory measures based on nationality, but also the ones that hamper the exercise of this fundamental freedom or make it less attractive. In this research, the relationship between the private international law theories applied by the Member States and the freedom of establishment regulated under the EC Treaty will be investigated and it will be examined whether the real seat theory obstructs the exercise of freedom of establishment as set forth by the recent case law of the ECJ.

Emerging global markets and trade and investment with the Middle East and the Arab world / Hossein Esmaeili and Vivienne Brand -- Arab-Australian trade and investment in an era of challenges to the liberal international order / Susan L. Karamanian -- Entrenching the Hull formula in Arab domestic laws : the case of Egypt and the GCC countries / Heba Sewilam and Yassin El Shazly -- Creating new markets through financial and legal services : Australia and the Middle East / Andrew Godwin -- The UAE legal and regulatory landscape : a perspective from practice / Gary Watts and Marcus Wallman -- The doctrine of Wasta (network relationship) in international business (or management) in the Arab world / Reem Alothmany -- Educational development of arbitration in the Arab region and Australia : the Willem C vis international arbitration moot / Christopher Kee -- Sharing Australia's cross-border insolvency experiences using the model law with the Arab world / Christopher Symes -- The interaction between intellectual property and bankruptcy legal regimes in the GCC / Bashar Malkawi -- Charities law systems in Australian, Islamic law, and the Arab world : possible future cross border investment / Hossein Esmaeili -- Nurturing benevolence : exploring endowments (Waqf) in Islamic jurisprudence and in Egyptian law / Shams Al Din Al Hajjaji -- Bridging the gap : technology licensing between Australia and the Middle East / Robert Chalmers -- International law relating to arms trade : Australian defence and strategic goods export regime and arms trade with the Middle East / Hossein Esmaeili and Lewis Lock-Weir -- FinTech in MENA : social, political, and legal dimensions / Andrew Dahdal -- Sustainability in the Middle East : directors' duties / Vivienne Brand and Andrew Dahdal -- Olan overview on digital health transformation in the GCC and associated ethical and regulatory challenges / Angie Abdel Shafei and Ahmed Taher -- Legal duties and disclosure obligations for directors of fossil fuel corporations : a comparative analysis of Australia and Saudi Arabia / Judi Storer.

Traditional knowledge (TK) is under debate in the contemporary world for its inherent value and need for protection from 'biopiracy'. International consensus is proving difficult on defining its scope and ambit of protection. Traditional health knowledge (THK) is a promising domain of TK which, due to its immense economic and commercial value, is prone to misappropriation. International provisions exist for protection and definitions of TK and related resources at various fora such as the Convention on Biological Diversity. Proposals to protection of TK under Intellectual Property Right regimes are being addressed by the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). The text of a proposed treaty is being debated at WIPO's Intergovernmental Committee on Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC-GRTKF). This article spells out the issues being negotiated at the WIPO-IGC-GRTKF. With THK characterised in a tiered manner based on its secret or diffused public availability, consideration of customary law is an imperative. India proposed that the national governments be given status of knowledge holders for THK in the public domain and fiduciary rights in case of closely held/associated THK. The article finds that a comprehensive national policy instrument and sui generis law for the protection of THK have become especially urgent in the light of international debates. It also proposes that, rather than Intellectual property (IP), the framework of a 'knowledge commons' for just sharing of TK and its innovations may be a better option.

This article introduces the concept of "identity paradiplomacy" which is different from protodiplomacy, because the objective of identity entrepreneurs is to enter the international arena to access resources (symbolic & material) they lack internally. This article explains the motivations of the identity entrepreneurs & contradicts the thesis that identity paradiplomacy inevitably leads to increasing conflicts. Contrary to common beliefs nationalist claims are negotiable & can be the object of compromise. The cases studied here are Quebec, Catalonia & Flanders. Adapted from the source document.