Suchergebnisse

The energy demand in mobile networks is increasing due to the emergence of new technologies and new services with higher requirements (data rates, delays, etc). In this context, the Mobile Network Operator (MNO) has to provide more radio and processing resources in its network leading for higher financial costs. The MNO has no choice but to implement energy saving strategies in all the parts of its infrastructure and especially at the Radio Access Network (RAN).At the same time, the electrical grid is getting smarter including new functionalities to balance supply and demand by varying the electricity prices, allowing some aggregators to be part of the supply process and signing demand response agreements with its clients. In the context of reliable smart grid, the MNO having thousands of evolved NodeB (eNB) spread over all the country, has to play major role in the grid by acting as a prosumer able to sell electricity. In African Sub-Saharan countries however, the grid may be not reliable or even non existent, the MNO has no choice but to deploy a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) and rely partially or totally on it.In this thesis, we study the interactions between the network operator and the grid either reliable or not in both developed and developing countries. We investigate both long term and short term optimal energy related management, with the aim of minimising the operator's Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for energy per base station which is the sum of its Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operational Expenditure (OPEX) while satisfying the growing needs of its user traffic in the cell.The long term study enables us to make semestral based investment decisions for the battery and renewable energy sources dimensioning considering equipment performance degradation, predictions on users traffic growth and electricity market evolution over a long period of time counted in years.In the case of being powered by a reliable smart grid, the short term policy helps the operator to set on a daily basis, an optimal battery management strategy by performing electricity arbitrage or trading that takes advantage of the electricity prices hourly fluctuations in order to minimize the MNO daily energy bill while respecting some rules on the usage of its equipments.In the case of a non reliable or off-grid environment, the operator is powered by hybrid sources coupling storage, diesel generators, solar power and the grid if the latter is operational. Here, we define a fixed order of priority on the use of these sources that extends the battery lifetime and maintain its performance ; La demande en énergie dans les réseaux de téléphonie mobile augmente en raison de l'émergence de nouvelles technologies et de nouveaux services aux exigences de plus en plus élevées (débits de données, délais, etc.). Dans ce contexte, l'opérateur de réseau mobile (ORM) doit fournir d'avantage de ressources radio et de capacité de traitement dans son réseau, entraînant ainsi des coûts financiers plus élevés. L'ORM n'a pas d'autre choix que de mettre en œuvre des stratégies d'économie d'énergie sur plusieurs niveaux de son infrastructure, notamment au niveau du réseau d'accès radio (RAN).En parallèle, le réseau électrique devient plus intelligent, avec de nouvelles fonctionnalités pour équilibrer l'offre et la demande en faisant varier les prix de l'électricité, permettant ainsi à certains agrégateurs d'énergie de faire partie du processus d'approvisionnement et en signant des accords de réponse à la demande avec ses clients les plus important. Dans le contexte d'un réseau électrique intelligent et fiable, l'ORM, qui compte des milliers de evolved NodeB (eNB) répartis sur tout le pays, doit jouer un rôle majeur dans le réseau en agissant en tant que consommateur potentiel capable de vendre de l'électricité. Toutefois, dans les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, le réseau peut ne pas être fiable, voire même inexistant, l'ORM n'a d'autre choix que de déployer une centrale électrique virtuelle (VPP) qui l'alimente partiellement ou totalement.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les interactions entre l'opérateur de réseau et le réseau électrique, qu'il soit fiable ou non, dans les pays développés comme dans les pays en cours de développement. Nous étudions la gestion optimale de l'énergie à long et à court terme, dans le but de minimiser le coût total de possession (TCO) en énergie de l'opérateur par station de base, qui correspond à la somme de ses dépenses d'investissement (CAPEX) et de ses dépenses opérationnelles (OPEX), en assurant la satisfaction des besoins croissants en trafic de ses utilisateurs dans la cellule.L'étude à long terme nous permet de prendre des décisions d'investissement semestrielles pour le dimensionnement de la batterie et des sources énergies renouvelables, en tenant compte de la dégradation des performances des équipements, des prévisions de la croissance du trafic des utilisateurs et de l'évolution du marché de l'électricité sur une longue période de temps comptée en années.Dans le cas où elle est alimentée par un réseau intelligent fiable, la politique à court terme aide l'opérateur à définir quotidiennement une stratégie de gestion optimale de la batterie assurant l'arbitrage ou à le trading d'électricité tout en exploitant les fluctuations horaires des prix de l'électricité afin de minimiser la facture énergétique journalière de l'ORM tout en respectant certaines règles d'utilisation de ces équipements.Dans le cas d'un réseau électrique non fiable ou complètement inexistant, l'opérateur est alimenté par des sources hybrides couplant stockage (batteries), générateurs diesel, énergie solaire et le réseau électrique si ce dernier est opérationnel. Ici, nous définissons un ordre de priorité fixe sur l'utilisation de ces sources qui vise à étendre la durée de vie de la batterie et maintenir ses performances

Las ciudades intermedias y su influencia con la región presentan rasgos importantes que caracterizan a las mismas, razón por la cual se hace necesario una planificación adecuada para velar sobre su adecuado crecimiento y con ello sobre el bienestar de sus habitantes. En el Ecuador el marco normativo de referencia, establecido a través del Código Orgánico de Organización Territorial, Autonomía y Descentralización (COOTAD) y con otros instrumentos normativos que se basan en la Constitución de 2008, se han establecido las responsabilidades y atribuciones de las Gobiernos Locales en el tema objeto de estudio, teniendo como eje central el estudio "La ciudad intermedia en la escala regional; el caso Cuenca-Ecuador" La presente investigación identifica la influencia que tiene la ciudad intermedia a escala regional, tomando como caso de estudio la ciudad de Cuenca en su región, pero con una visión que permite proponer estrategias de desarrollo desde la ciudad hacia la región. Para ello, el estudio se ha fundamentado en técnicas de recopilación y procesamiento de datos cualitativos y cuantitativos, permitiendo que el análisis sea descriptivo-concluyente; posteriormente se aplicó un esquema metodológico que guio la formulación de recomendaciones estratégicas a sustento del desarrollo local de Cuenca hacia su área de influencia. Bajo este contexto se busca Identificar la influencia que tiene la ciudad intermedia en su región para aportar una base conceptual y metodológica de análisis territorial que admita diseñar estrategias de ordenamiento territorial, para ello se planteó delimitar la ciudad intermedia de la ciudad de Cuenca considerando como variables de análisis la migración hacia Cuenca, El Tránsito Promedio Diario Anual (TPDA), destino de las capitales provinciales con relación a Cuenca, movilidad por salud, movilidad por educación superior y procedencia de productos canasta básica. Con ello formular recomendaciones para elaborar una estrategia territorial desde la ciudad intermedia de Cuenca hacia la región. Con estos antecedentes se planteó como interrogante de investigación ¿Cuál es la región de la ciudad intermedia de Cuenca? Misma que se buscó responder en el trascurso del estudio por medio de las variables analizadas para el efecto, de igual manera se plantearon las siguientes sub hipótesis de estudio:  H1= Caracterizar la ciudad intermedia de Cuenca aporta para establecer estrategias de desarrollo territorial  H2= La gestión influye en el desarrollo integral planificado por las entidades rectoras en territorio  H3= La movilidad interna hacia Cuenca constituye un factor relevante para considerarla como ciudad intermedia Con base en los resultados obtenidos a través de la investigación exploratoria se pudo evidenciar que Cuenca tiene varios elementos de intermediación que la convierten en una ciudad con expectativas de crecimiento significativos, que motivan a establecer líneas bases estratégicas para mejorar los procesos de planificación y con ello el desarrollo local con enfoque regional. ; Intermediate cities and their influence with the region present important features that characterize them, which is why adequate planning is necessary to ensure proper growth and thus the welfare of its inhabitants. In Ecuador, the normative frame of reference, established through the Organic Code of Territorial Organization, Autonomy and Decentralization (COOTAD) and with other normative instruments that are based on the 2008 Constitution, have established the responsibilities and attributions of the Local Governments. in the subject matter of study, having as central axis the study "The intermediate city in the regional scale; the Cuenca-Ecuador case " This research identifies the influence that the intermediate city has on a regional scale, taking as a case study the city of Cuenca in its region, but with a vision that allows proposing development strategies from the city to the region. For this, the study has been based on techniques of qualitative and quantitative data collection and processing, allowing the analysis to be descriptive-conclusive; Subsequently, a methodological scheme was applied that guided the formulation of strategic recommendations to support the local development of Cuenca towards its area of influence. Under this context, it is sought to identify the influence that the intermediate city has in its region in order to provide a conceptual and methodological basis of territorial analysis that admits the design of spatial planning strategies, for which purpose it was proposed to delimit the intermediate city of the city of Cuenca considering as variables of analysis the migration towards Cuenca, the Annual Average Daily Traffic (TPDA), destiny of the provincial capitals in relation to Cuenca, mobility for health, mobility for higher education and origin of basic basket products. With this, make recommendations to develop a territorial strategy from the intermediate city of Cuenca to the region. With this background it was posed as a research question: What is the region of the intermediate city of Cuenca? Same thing that we tried to answer in the course of the study by means of the variables analyzed for the effect, in the same way the following sub-hypotheses were studied:  H1 = Characterize the intermediate city of Cuenca contributes to establish territorial development strategies  H2 = The management influences the integral development planned by the governing entities in the territory  H3 = Internal mobility to Cuenca is a relevant factor to consider it as an intermediate city Based on the results obtained through exploratory research it was possible to show that Cuenca has several elements of intermediation that make it a city with significant growth expectations, which motivate to establish strategic baselines to improve planning processes and thereby local development with a regional focus. ; Magíster en Ordenación Territorial ; Cuenca

Introduction. The dual system of VET, widely practiced and popular in Germany, serves as a model for the European Union. The effectiveness of such training, successfully combining the development of theoretical knowledge with the practical activities of students, has been tested by life and time. The indisputable advantages of this system include its ability to respond quickly to the challenges of globalisation and transformation in the world of professions. In this regard, it is very important to address the socio-cultural and historical backgrounds of the dual system formation and to find out the reasons for its successful contemporary functioning.The aim of the present publication was to comprehend the implementation experience of theGermany's dual system based on the opinions analysis of experts and participants of the dual education system and the feedback from the direct participants of the educational process about this method of acquiring a profession and building a career path.Methodology and research methods. The leading research methods were questionnaire survey, comparative analysis and content analysis of empirical materials. Processing and generalisation of the detailed answers of respondents were based on the inductive method.Results. Historical, mental, socio-economic prerequisites for the appearance and formation of the Germany's dual education system were identified and described. The methodology and methodological tools for the comparative analysis of attitudes of educational process members (students, practitioners, experts) and their points of view concerning degree of rationality, expediency and efficiency of support and development of dual forms of vocational education. The obtained data and synthesis of evaluative judgments of informants allow us to present an objective picture of the considered option for providing the country's economy with the necessary labour resources.Practical significance. The materials of the article, confirming the prospects of the introduction and dissemination of the experience accumulated inGermany on the reproduction of skilled workers of enterprises, can be useful for understanding the directions of VET in other countries. Moreover, the research materials can be practically applied for the selection and creation of effective, similar to the German, mechanisms of rapid response to globalisation changes in the manufacturing sector. ; Введение. Широко практикуемая и популярная в ФРГ дуальная модель профессионального образования служит образцом для всего Европейского Союза. Эффективность подготовки рабочих кадров, удачно сочетающей освоение теоретических знаний с производственной деятельностью обучающихся, проверена жизнью и временем. К бесспорным достоинствам данной модели относится ее способность оперативно реагировать на вызовы глобализации и трансформации в мире профессий. В связи с этим весьма актуальны обращение к социально-культурным и историческим основам формирования дуальной системы образования и выяснение причин ее успешного современного функционирования. Цель статьи заключается в осмыслении немецкого опыта реализации программ дуальной подготовки специалистов через изучение мнений экспертов и отзывов непосредственных участников образовательного процесса о подобном способе приобретения профессии и построения карьерной траектории. Методология и методы. Ведущими методами исследования являлись анкетирование, сравнительный анализ и контент-анализ эмпирических материалов. Обработка и обобщение развернутых ответов респондентов производились с опорой на индуктивный метод. Результаты. Определены и описаны исторические, ментальные и социально-экономические предпосылки возникновения и условия становления дуальной системы обучения в Германии. Разработаны методология и методический инструментарий для сопоставления установок субъектов образовательного процесса (студентов, практиков, экспертов) и их точек зрения по поводу целесообразности поддержки и продуктивности развития дуальных форм профподготовки. Полученные сведения и синтез оценочных суждений информантов позволяют представить объективную картину обеспечения экономики страны необходимыми трудовыми ресурсами. Практическая значимость. Проведенное исследование подтверждает перспективность распространения накопленного в ФРГ опыта по воспроизводству квалифицированного рабочего персонала предприятий. Результаты изыскания помогают более четко понять направления реформирования систем профессионального образования других стран, выбрать наиболее действенные механизмы модернизации этих систем и создать с учетом национальной специфики гибкие рациональные структуры профподготовки, адекватно отвечающие на глобализационные перемены в производственном секторе.Введение. Широко практикуемая и популярная в ФРГ дуальная модель профессионального образования служит образцом для всего Европейского Союза. Эффективность подготовки рабочих кадров, удачно сочетающей освоение теоретических знаний с производственной деятельностью обучающихся, проверена жизнью и временем. К бесспорным достоинствам данной модели относится ее способность оперативно реагировать на вызовы глобализации и трансформации в мире профессий. В связи с этим весьма актуальны обращение к социально-культурным и историческим основам формирования дуальной системы образования и выяснение причин ее успешного современного функционирования. Цель статьи заключается в осмыслении немецкого опыта реализации программ дуальной подготовки специалистов через изучение мнений экспертов и отзывов непосредственных участников образовательного процесса о подобном способе приобретения профессии и построения карьерной траектории. Методология и методы. Ведущими методами исследования являлись анкетирование, сравнительный анализ и контент-анализ эмпирических материалов. Обработка и обобщение развернутых ответов респондентов производились с опорой на индуктивный метод. Результаты. Определены и описаны исторические, ментальные и социально-экономические предпосылки возникновения и условия становления дуальной системы обучения в Германии. Разработаны методология и методический инструментарий для сопоставления установок субъектов образовательного процесса (студентов, практиков, экспертов) и их точек зрения по поводу целесообразности поддержки и продуктивности развития дуальных форм профподготовки. Полученные сведения и синтез оценочных суждений информантов позволяют представить объективную картину обеспечения экономики страны необходимыми трудовыми ресурсами. Практическая значимость. Проведенное исследование подтверждает перспективность распространения накопленного в ФРГ опыта по воспроизводству квалифицированного рабочего персонала предприятий. Результаты изыскания помогают более четко понять направления реформирования систем профессионального образования других стран, выбрать наиболее действенные механизмы модернизации этих систем и создать с учетом национальной специфики гибкие рациональные структуры профподготовки, адекватно отвечающие на глобализационные перемены в производственном секторе. ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project № 18-013-00695A) ; РФФИ (проект № 18-013-00695А)

Coal is South Africa's major primary energy source, and plays a significant role in supplying the chemicals and steelmaking industries. The benefits of coal production are relevant in the light of South Africa's development priorities of job creation and economic growth. Even so, primary metal production and coal-based power generation industries, through their operations and activities, pose a significant and irreversible risk to the surrounding environment. The impact on the environment further manifests on the health of local communities and on sustainable livelihoods, and frequently also presents a long-term economic burden and loss of valuable resources. Despite changes in legislation and improved social and environmental performance by the industry, there is growing concern over the impacts and conflicts associated with coal mining, with continuing claims by communities and civil society of associated health issues, cattle and livestock death, and destruction of livelihoods. However, to date, little attempt appears to have been made to support community concerns and perceptions with factual evidence and information, suggesting a lack of convergence between lay and expert knowledge. This dissertation investigates the facts, perceptions, concerns and conflicts in the mine-environment-community cause-effect chain in the context of the environmental and social impacts associated with the South African coal mining industry. More specifically this entails a detailed review of published data on academic literature, newspaper articles, popular magazines, and internet and specialist reports, with particular emphasis on the South African scenario; and semi-structured interviews with representatives from communities, civil society organisations, and independent environmental consultants. Particular focus is placed on coal mining in the Mpumalanga Province, which accounts for over 84% of South Africa's coal production. This was done with a view to developing a better understanding of the interrelationships between the coal mining industry and the local environment and society in which it operates. It is envisaged that this will ultimately serve to facilitate the development of sustainable solutions to the concerns and conflicts associated with coal mining. Historically, coal mining has had a significant impact on the environment and there is substantial evidence of a strong link between environmental pollution from mining activities and the health and well-being of humans and eco-systems in the surrounding vicinities. These impacts can be largely associated with water quality, physical and chemical land degradation, and air pollution through dust fall-out and emissions of particulate matter (PM) and toxic gases. In particular, AMD from coal mining results in significant pollution of land and water resources. The published literature provides evidence that this environmental pollution may, and often does, have an adverse effect on local eco-systems as well as on community health and livelihoods, particularly on crop and livestock farming. The findings also indicate that there has been response to these concerns by government and the industry. The government has instituted a number of legislative reforms, particularly since 2002, and has established programmes aimed at improving socio-economic challenges in mining towns. Industry has also taken steps to improve its environmental performance, in terms of waste management, mine water reclamation and post-closure rehabilitation. The literature findings were found to be largely consistent with the perceptions and concerns of communities, community support groups and consultants active in the coal-mining regions of Mpumalanga Province. The perceptions of the coal mining and processing sector were extremely negative; all participants expressed considerable concern over the environmental and social impacts. Emissions, particularly AMD and dust, from current and defunct workings and waste piles continue to be a source of water pollution, air pollution and land degradation which further have an adverse effect on aquatic life and human health as well as on livestock and crop productivity. Of particular concern in the coal-mining intensive area of Mpumalanga, is the impact of environmental pollution on maize production. With increasing public knowledge and awareness of these impacts, which can be largely attributed to the activities of the relatively large number of civil society organisations that now exist, the concerns and incidents relating to the environmental and socio-economic impacts from coal mining in the Mpumalanga area are generally well reported. The general consensus was that the concerns of communities and community-support organisations are not been taken seriously, and that government and industry are failing to alleviate the environmental degradation and human suffering in the Mpumalanga coal-mining areas. The lack of adequate response on the part of both the government and industry, and the continuing issues of environmental pollution and adverse community effects, have resulted in on-going (and possibly escalating) conflict situations in the form of community activisim, protests and litigation. This lack of response from government was, furthermore, considered as highly politicised and attributed largely to unethical arrangements between government officials and/or community leaders and mining corporations. Participants were generally of the perception that the negative aspects of coal mining outweigh any benefits and should be discontinued completely. The findings of this dissertation suggest that effective rehabilitation, consistent implementation and enforcement of the regulations designed to protect the environment and society, and stakeholder collaboration are a key requirement in terms of mitigating the environmental impacts and associated risks pertaining to human and livestock health and crop productivity. It is therefore recommended that the government address the rehabilitation of abandoned coal mines and discard dumps in the Mpumalanga Province, and establish action plans, linked to regional development plans, that are based on a comprehensive environmental monitoring programme in collaboration with other stakeholders, including communities, the mining industry and other business sectors in the region. A more detailed study on opportunities to improve the quality and availability of performance reporting by the coal industry is also recommended.

La introducción de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) en el sector de la salud da lugar a la generación de nuevos enfoques que abarcan actividades relacionadas con la prevención, atención, administración y educación en salud, ofreciendo alternativas para afrontar problemáticas tradicionales. En este trabajo se plantea la implementación de una herramienta de e-Salud que permita gestionar y supervisar parámetros fisiológicos relacionados con la prevención de enfermedades a través de un seguimiento personalizado y un acompañamiento virtual. La herramienta permite la captura, análisis y procesamiento de datos biométricos (glucosa, presión arterial, temperatura, nivel de saturación de oxígeno en la sangre, pulsaciones) que podrán ser accedidos desde un dispositivo computacional. El sistema sugiere rutinas de ejercicios y planes de alimentación saludable de acuerdo con cada caso. El sistema cuenta con una aplicación móvil y una aplicación web, para el paciente y el médico respectivamente, con el objeto de hacer seguimiento y acompañamiento virtual. El propósito final del sistema es fomentar en el usuario la cultura de autocuidado y los hábitos de vida saludable dado que la obesidad, la hipertensión arterial y diabetes son enfermedades que presentan factores comunes de riesgo, los cuales se pueden controlar mediante la alimentación y el ejercicio físico. ; CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN 15 1. OBJETIVOS 22 1.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 22 1.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 22 2. MARCO REFERENCIAL 23 2.1 MARCO CONCEPTUAL 23 2.1.1 Prototipo 23 2.1.2 Sistema Telemático 24 2.1.3 Medicina Preventiva y Curativa 26 2.1.4 Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles 27 2.1.5 Obesidad 27 2.1.6 Hipertensión arterial 28 2.1.7 Diabetes 29 2.1.8 Servicios y Requerimientos de un sistema telemático 30 2.1.9 Telemedicina y e-salud 31 2.2 MARCO TEÓRICO 33 2.2.1 Prevención de las Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles - ECNT 33 2.2.2 Telemedicina, Telesalud o E-salud 36 2.2.3 Telesalud para la prevención de Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles 37 2.3 MARCO LEGAL Y POLITICO 39 2.3.1 Internacional 39 2.3.2 Nacional 41 2.4 ESTADO DEL ARTE 44 2.4.1 Soluciones telemáticas para la prevención de la obesidad, hipertensión arterial y diabetes: nivel mundial. 45 2.4.2 Soluciones telemáticas para la prevención de la obesidad, hipertensión arterial y diabetes: Colombia 52 3. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL PROCESO INVESTIGATIVO 58 3.1 REVISIÓN DEL CONTEXTO DE LAS SOLUCIONES TELEMÁTICAS CON ENFOQUE PREVENTIVO EN COLOMBIA. 61 3.1.1 Revisión sistemática de la literatura. 62 3.1.2 Determinación de las instituciones estatales y las organizaciones internacionales referentes del proyecto. 65 3.1.3. Realización de un diagrama del contexto. 65 3.2. SELECCIÓN DE LOS SERVICIOS Y REQUERIMIENTOS DEL SISTEMA TELEMÁTICO PARA LA ATENCIÓN PREVENTIVA DE LA OBESIDAD, HIPERTENSIÓN ARTERIAL Y DIABETES. 65 3.2.1 Identificación de los sistemas telemáticos en salud con enfoque preventivo que funcionan actualmente en el país. 66 3.2.2 Enumeración de los servicios que ofrecen los sistemas encontrados. 69 3.2.3 Enumeración de los servicios necesarios para la prevención de la obesidad, hipertensión arterial y diabetes con base en criterios profesionales (médico, nutricionista y entrenador físico). 71 3.2.4 Selección de los servicios que ofrecerá el sistema del proyecto para la atención preventiva de la obesidad, hipertensión arterial y diabetes. 79 3.3 ELABORACIÓN DE UN BOSQUEJO GENERAL SOBRE EL DESARROLLO DEL PROYECTO. 81 3.3.1 Identificación de los diferentes actores que van a intervenir en el funcionamiento del sistema. 82 3.3.2 Elección y adquisición de los dispositivos electrónicos necesarios para la implementación del prototipo. 82 3.3.3 Revisión de los estándares y protocolos para la comunicación entre los elementos del sistema. 85 3.3.4 Elaboración de los algoritmos necesarios para el funcionamiento de los dispositivos electrónicos. 88 3.3.5 Definición de los lenguajes de programación basados en los requerimientos y servicios del sistema para el desarrollo del software. 92 3.4 REALIZACIÓN DEL PROTOTIPO PARA LA ATENCIÓN PREVENTIVA DE LA OBESIDAD, HIPERTENSIÓN ARTERIAL Y DIABETES EN COLOMBIA. 94 3.4.1 Implementación de los algoritmos desarrollados en los dispositivos electrónicos. 95 3.4.2 Creación de la aplicación para Smartphone y la aplicación web que permitan la operatividad de la herramienta. 96 3.4.3 Comunicación entre los diferentes componentes del sistema. 96 3.4.4 Ejecución de pruebas sobre el funcionamiento del sistema. 98 4. RESULTADOS 101 4.1 CONTEXTO DE LAS SOLUCIONES TELEMÁTICAS EN COLOMBIA PARA LA ATENCIÓN PREVENTIVA DE ENFERMEDADES CRÓNICAS NO TRANSMISIBLES – ECNT 101 4.2 SERVICIOS Y REQUERIMIENTOS DEL SISTEMA PARA LA ATENCIÓN PREVENTIVA DE LA OBESIDAD, HIPERTENSIÓN ARTERIAL Y DIABETES EN COLOMBIA 104 4.3 DISEÑO DEL SISTEMA TELEMÁTICO PARA LA ATENCIÓN PREVENTIVA DE LA OBESIDAD, HIPERTENSIÓN ARTERIAL Y DIABETES. 107 4.4 PROTOTIPO DEL SISTEMA TELEMÁTICO PARA LA ATENCIÓN PREVENTIVA DE LA OBESIDAD, HIPERTENSIÓN ARTERIAL Y DIABETES. 110 5. CONCLUSIONES 120 6. RECOMENDACIONES 122 REFERENCIAS 124 ANEXOS 131 ; Maestría ; The introduction of information and communications technology (ICT) in the health sector leads to the generation of new approaches that encompass related activities to the prevention, attention, administration and health education, offering alternatives to address traditional problems. In this paper work the implementation of an e-health tool that allows to manage and monitor physiological parameters related to disease prevention through personalized monitoring and virtual accompaniment. The tool allows the capture, analysis and processing of biometric data (glucose, blood pressure, temperature, oxygen saturation level in the blood, heart rate) that can be accessed from a computer device. The system suggests exercise routines and healthy eating plans according to each case. The system has a mobile application and a web application for patient and doctor respectively, in order to monitor and virtual accompaniment. The ultimate purpose of the system is to encourage the user culture of self-care and healthy lifestyles as obesity, hypertension and diabetes are diseases that have common risk factors, which can be controlled through diet and exercise physical.

The present work aims to offer general knowledge about the importance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and their application in Development Plans and Zoning formulation, mainly in the stages of diagnosis and proposal, that includes processes that cover collecting the existing information from multiple institutions, primary data generation, analysis and processing to finally generate proposals to be developed in future years. Recalling history, years ago it was common to use printed or hand drawn maps, which production and updating could take considerable time; technological progress and computing contributed to the digitalization of this information, transforming analog information into digital format making the most of it and helping to the implementation of new processes for cartographic analysis since this information in a certain way static gradually became dynamic, it grew in volume, coverage and functionality, leading to the birth of GIS. In recent years GIS has experienced a considerable growth with the implementation of new technologies and methods, supported by the internet to share information across different platforms, this way reducing barriers of time and distance. With the implementation of GIS different phenomenon can be represented easily and quickly, also a big amount of information can be processed in a short time which represents a saving of technical resources and time. The need to graphically represent processes occurring in territory leads to integrate Territorial Planning and GIS, in order to solve problems of planning and manage the orderly growth of the territory and its inhabitants. Within development plans and territorial planning the use of GIS is the cornerstone for territory analysis through a sectoral diagnosis, GIS also support the posterior construction of scenarios and to complete the construction of the proposal. Different institutions have generated important information which constitutes a base line to cartographic analysis on which new information will be added, detecting inconsistencies or gaps in information, and also the monitoring of relevant information, which allows to improve quality and detail of the existing information using new technologies and the information published. The final products constitute basic information for each level of government and their integration, which implies participation and refining of the details described in general terms by detecting new situations in the territory. It is necessary to establish mechanisms for control and management of information, especially with the tendency to publicate and implement generated and updated information to be shared with the people and integrate this with other institutions in order to improve the system. ; En este trabajo se aspira conocer de manera general, la importancia de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) y su aplicación para la formulación de los Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial, principalmente en sus fases de diagnóstico y propuesta, procesos que han abarcado la recopilación de información existente de múltiples instituciones, generación de información primaria, su análisis y procesamiento para finalmente generar propuestas a desarrollarse en años futuros. Recordando un poco la historia, años atrás se usaba mapas impresos o se los dibujaba a mano por lo que su producción y actualización podía demorar un tiempo considerable, con el avance tecnológico y la computación se inició la digitalización de esta información transformando la información análoga a un formato digital aprovechándose así de mejor manera e implementando nuevos procesos para el análisis de cartografía pues esta información de cierta forma estática poco a poco se fue convirtiendo en un bien dinámico, el cual iba creciendo en volumen, cobertura y funcionalidad, constituyendo el nacimiento de los sig. En los últimos años los SIG han tenido un crecimiento considerable con la implementación de nuevas tecnologías y métodos, apoyados del internet para compartir su información a través de diferentes plataformas y de esta forma reducir barreras de tiempo y distancia. Con los SIG se puede representar de forma rápida y sencilla fenómenos que ocurren en el territorio además de procesar gran cantidad de información en poco tiempo lo que representa un ahorro de recursos técnicos y de tiempo. De la necesidad de representar de forma gráfica los procesos que ocurren en el territorio se realiza la integración del ordenamiento territorial con el SIG, con la finalidad de resolver problemas de planificación y gestionar el crecimiento ordenado del territorio y sus habitantes. Dentro de los planes de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial los SIG constituyen el eje fundamental para el análisis del territorio a través de un diagnóstico sectorial, posteriormente la construcción de escenarios y para terminar la construcción de la propuesta del territorio. Las diferentes instituciones han generado información de gran importancia que constituye una línea base de análisis cartográfico sobre la cual se podrá ir añadiendo nueva información de relevancia para el territorio detectando inconsistencias o vacíos de información así como el monitoreo de información relevante, permitiendo mejorar la calidad y detalle de lo existente usando las nuevas tecnologías e información que se vaya publicando. Los productos logrados son información base para cada uno de los niveles de gobierno y su integración que implica la participación y la refinación de detalles descritos en términos generales detectando nuevas situaciones en el territorio. Es necesario establecer mecanismos de control y manejo de la información, más aún con la tendencia de la publicación e implementación de información generada y actualizada que se comparta con la ciudadanía y se integre a través de nodos con otras instituciones para mejorar el sistema.

In my doctoral thesis, I demonstrate i) how the demand and supply side respond to the (first time) availability of product information for mutual funds and ii) how actions and personal characteristics of portfolio managers impact investors and fund management. Essays (1) and (2) extend the scarce evidence on the utility of investor information disclosure by means of a comprehensive investigation into the disclosure practices of the mutual fund industry. Using product information with different degrees of salience and obligation, ranging from comprehensive mandatory pre-contractual product information to complementary fund characteristics only disclosed by selective players, the essays document the importance of thoroughly written and designed information. Specifically, on the demand side, I analyze i) whether retail investors can understand mutual fund product information and ii) if investors are able to benefit from novel disclosure initiatives. Moreover, on the supply side, I show if and to what extent mutual fund companies react to novel disclosure regulations. Essays (3) and (4) shift the focus towards the individuals in charge of managing retail investors' money, i.e. the portfolio managers, analyzing the impact of incentive mechanisms and personality traits on fund management and investor behavior. The overarching contribution of my research is threefold. First, by addressing information salience and understandability, I shed light on retail investor limitations not explained by the classical efficient market framework assuming investors to be fully rational utility-maximizing decision-makers (e.g., Fama 1970). Thus, my research adds to the rich behavioral finance literature dealing with cognitive capacity and information processing constraints (e.g., Kozup et al. 2012, Agnew and Szykman 2005). Second, by analyzing investor behavior from an objective point of view, I contribute to the understanding of determinants which affect flows of mutual fund investor (e.g., Sirri and Tufano 1998, Barber et al. 2005). Third, methodically my research adds to the quantification of qualitative data in the finance domain (e.g., Loughran and McDonald 2016, 2019) by applying advanced textual analytics (essays (1), (3) and (4)), allowing to investigate large samples of written (verbal) information. How do policy makers help consumers make sound investment decisions? Regulations which require disclosure of information are among the most ubiquitous interventions in investor protection. The popularity of mandatory information disclosure follows standard economic theory which suggests that disclosure can help avoid instances of market failure in situations characterized by asymmetric information and a risk of misaligned incentives (e.g., Akerlof 1970, Ross 1973). However, although broadly advocated as an appropriate policy measure, there is a paucity of data supporting the efficiency of mandatory information disclosure. For example, individuals' information processing abilities have been shown to be limited and, thus, the increasing extent of mandatory information likely leads to an 'information overload', where the marginal utility of information for the decision-maker becomes negative (e.g., Eppler and Mengis 2004). In my dissertation, I focus on investor information disclosed by actively managed equity mutual funds, since holdings in this asset class represent the by far largest fraction of household investments: in 2017, worldwide retail assets under management by equity mutual funds totaled at $21.8 trillion with the large majority being actively managed (Investment Company Institute 2018). Moreover, disclosure requirements are pervasive for fund companies and the market is a prime candidate for unintended consequences of mandatory disclosure such as information overload: investors face a dizzying number of product options and each product carries a host of characteristics, which should be considered in order to make an informed decision. Especially when investing in an actively managed mutual fund which is tantamount to delegating the management of a securities portfolio. I investigate four types of investor information which regulatory authorities have qualified as decision-relevant when it comes to this delegation task. First and foremost, investor should understand the fund's key features. For this to be the case, mandatory product information has to be easy to understand for the average investor (essay 1). The introduction of Key Investor Information Documents (KIIDs) for mutual funds in the European Union is the regulator's response to the quest for a more comprehensible description of the essential product features and we examine if these documents live up to their purpose. Following Loughran and McDonald (2014), we assess the comprehensibility and regulatory compliance of KIIDs and thereby extend the scarce academic evidence on the importance of product information documents (e.g., Habschick et al. 2012, Oehler et al. 2014, Walther 2015). We use a comprehensive sample of roughly 38,000 product information documents for mutual funds pre and post the introduction of KIIDs to capture the regulations impact on fund information comprehensibility. We find that while mutual fund product information remains difficult to read requiring on average 13 years of formal education from readers, textual readability significantly improved with the introduction of KIIDs. Furthermore, we show that the introduction of KIIDs translated into a 'clearer' writing style. By contrast, we detect that the relative usage of financial jargon increased in the new short form disclosure document. Moreover, the improvement on readability and the significant reduction in length seem to be achieved at the expense of an appealing font. Only half of the KIIDs comply with regulators' guidelines on font type and size. Taken together, we document mixed results on the regulations' effectiveness in creating clear and comprehensible pre-contractual information that enable retail investor to read and understand those documents. Second, unlike index funds, actively managed funds sell the potential to beat their benchmark (usually a market index) and investors who select this type of mutual fund are typically looking for an opportunity to outperform the market index. However, actively managed funds usually charge significantly higher fees than passive funds (e.g., Morningstar 2018). This cost difference may be justified by the fund manager's effort to manage the portfolio in a way which creates an opportunity to generate excess returns. Thus, assessing the fees charged by an actively managed fund in light of the actual level of activeness is a worthwhile screening exercise for investors: prior literature documents substantial underperformance for funds with low levels of activeness (e.g., Petajisto 2013, Cremers et al. 2016, Cremers and Pareek 2016). However, and even though fund companies employ Active Share (AS) , a metric to capture the degree to which a fund deviates from its benchmark, for a variety of purposes and provide AS information to institutional investors, they did not disclose it to retail investors and were not required to do so by regulators. The lack of equal access to AS information can be regarded as an information asymmetry, which prevents retail investors from fully evaluating the potential value proposition of an actively managed equity fund. Consequently, the New York Attorney General (NYOAG) revealed dubious index-hugging practices and unequal access to AS information for several of the largest US mutual funds and subsequently imposed disclosure of AS on them (NYOAG 2018). We make use of this unique intervention and thereby extend the few existing studies on funds' activeness (essay 2). In particular, we are the first to demonstrate if and how individual investors react to AS information once they (can) learn about it. We find that retail investors strongly respond to the NYOAG intervention, but not in the way intended by the regulators. We document a significant increase in investor flows into funds of fund companies affected by the intervention. The effect is most pronounced in the days after the intervention became public. However, rather than 'rationally' re-allocating assets away from 'high fee/low activeness' and into truly actively managed funds, investors are subject to a media attention bias. Fund companies that are prominently covered in the press following the disclosure intervention experience high net inflows, irrespective of the degree of AS. These findings are hard to square with the notion that retail investors have understood the concept behind AS and rationally traded on this newly available information. On the supply side, we do not observe a change in portfolio management habits following the intervention. Even for funds with the lowest AS levels—i.e. arguably those funds with the highest pressure to act in an attempt to legitimate 'active' fees—we do not observe any measurable effort to increase AS post-intervention. In sum, our evaluation of the NYOAG intervention documents a number of unintended consequences and reveals substantial limits to the effectiveness of this disclosure initiative. Third, investors face ongoing uncertainty about the standard of care fund managers exercise when managing their savings and whether they act in their best interest. Following the rationale "(…) that a portfolio manager's ownership of a fund provides a direct indication of his or her alignment with the interests of shareholders in that fund" (SEC 2004, section II, part D), managers of US mutual funds are required to disclose the amount of their private investments in all funds they manage. However, information about the beneficial holdings of portfolio managers (their skin-in-the-game) is far from readily accessible for the average retail investor. Instead, managers' private investments are disclosed in a supplementary fund information document that is only provided upon request and, at best, can be considered a secondary source for the average investor. Yet, interestingly, fund managers regularly use another medium to voluntarily disclose skin-in-the-game to their investors: the Letter to the Shareholder (LS). The LS is a non-mandatory–however commonly enclosed–component of the mutual fund's semi-annual or annual report. It is typically authored by the fund management, addresses the fund shareholders directly and thus constitutes a key element in communication with their shareholders (e.g., Hillert et al. 2016, Chu and Kim 2019). Unlike prior studies (e.g., Khorana et al. 2007, Ma et al. 2019, Evans 2008, Ibert 2018), who find that funds with managerial ownership yield higher risk-adjusted returns, I exploit verbal signaling of the managers in the LS to analyze aggregate investor fund flows applying advanced textual analytics (essay 3). With this, I contribute to prior research on the effects of fund manager skin-in-the-game by observing how retail investors respond to their managers' signaling activities. I find that signaling of skin-in-the-game in the LS triggers substantial net inflows from retail investors. The effect is most sizeable in the days after investors receive the LS and persistent throughout time. On the other side, I show that retail investors' asset allocation is unaltered by the actual amount invested by fund managers –an information the average retail investors most probable is unable (or unwilling) to find. Finally, I document that signaling of fund managers in the LS affects only retail investors. Professional investors, on the other hand, regularly have access to licensed fund data providers and potentially can easily obtain valuable information on fund manager investments. Fourth and lastly, we explore the consequences of a well-researched personality trait –narcissism– on fund managers' portfolio management. Unlike 'hard facts' of a fund, such as past performance, cost or investment style, investors do know little about their fund managers personality. Yet, looking into the literature on corporate managers (e.g., Chatterjee and Hambrick 2007, Kumar and Goyal 2015, Aktas et al. 2016), personality traits might also affect the job of fund managers. Applying text-mining techniques on verbatim fund manager interviews retrieved from The Wall Street Transcript, we find that narcissism is even more severe among professional fund managers than in the corporate context. We show that narcissistic fund managers are significantly more likely to deviate from their advertised investment style. Moreover, we document that while the realized performance of narcissistic fund manager is virtually identical to their non-narcissistic counterparts, we find that they exhibit a worse risk-return profile. Furthermore, we identify that large funds, i.e. those associated with higher compensation and prestige in the business, are more often managed by narcissistic managers, which is in line with prior literature documenting 'empire-building' behavior of narcissists. Given our evidence pointing to a rather negative relation of narcissism on portfolio management, we would expect investors to refrain investing with a narcissistic manager. However, we find that this is not the case. Most probable, investors do not know about personal traits of their fund managers and consequently are unable to act upon this information. Taken together, the findings of my essays stress the importance of salient information disclosure in order for retail investors to arrive at a wise investment decision. The empirical evidence provided highlights certain shortcoming in current disclosure practices and regulations. Essay (1) indicates that summary product information accompanied by formatting and language guidelines are a first step in the right direction to ensure investors comprehensibility of product information for mutual funds. However, we still detect linguistic barriers that potentially prevent investors from reading and understanding relevant product characteristics. Essay (2) provides insights on the effect of a non-standardized information disclosure intervention. As can be inferred from investors' (non-) response to the availability of information on funds' activeness, we observe that local interventions that address information asymmetries and therefore should benefit retail investors decision making, proof almost inefficient when not requiring a standardized, comparable and well-thought through information layout. Essay (3) supports this notion in documenting a prevalent mismatch between information availability and information usage. Finally, essay (4) points on the importance of personality traits. For retail investors it might be important to know more about the character of their fund managers given the evidence that personality traits, such as narcissism, affect day-to-day portfolio management. In sum, decision relevant information for investors, from the explanation of funds' investment style in the prospectus (essay 1), funds' 'true' degree of activeness (essay 2), an indication of manager private wealth investment (essay 3) or hints on the managers personality (essay 4), remains useless as long as the understandability, salience and transparency of disclosure stays low.

Economic development critically involves diversification and structural transformation—that is, the continued, dynamic reallocation of resources from less productive to more productive sectors and activities. This paper documents that, over an extended period, developing Asia has on average been particularly successful in diversifying its exports, particularly in comparison with Sub-Saharan Africa. Much of the progress has occurred through diversification along the 'extensive margin,' that is, through entry into completely new products. In addition, developing Asia has on average benefited significantly from quality upgrading, helping it capitalize on already existing comparative advantages. Yet, agricultural and natural resources tend to have lower potential for quality upgrading than manufactures. Therefore, for lower-income "frontier" countries, diversification into products with longer "quality ladders" may be a necessary first step before large gains from quality improvement can be reaped.

ÖZET:Hayvancılık, Çad'ın gelişmekte olan bir ülke olarak önemli bir ekonomik bileşenidir. Petrol sektöründen sonra genel olarak ülkenin GSYİH'sini paylaşmaktadır. Önemine rağmen, bu sektör bir takım kısıtlamalarla karşı karşıya. Bu kısıtlamaları araştırmak için, bu çalışma hayvancılık politikasını etkileyen faktörler araştırıldı. Çad'daki hayvancılık sektöründeki iyileşmenin, Hükümet tarafından halihazırda ele alınan politika kısıtlamalarından etkilendiği varsayılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın belirli bir araştırma amacı Çad'da hayvancılık politikasının uygulamadaki zayıf yönlerini ve güçlü yönlerini analiz etmektir; hayvancılık politikası uygulamasını incelemenin yanı sıra. Bu araştırmada kullanılan yöntem hem niteliksel hem de nicelikseldir ve birincil ve ikincil olmak üzere iki veri kaynağına dayanır. Hayvancılık politikasının uygulanmasına ilişkin temel veriler, hayvancılık politikasının uygulanmasını etkileyen parametreleri belirlemek için hayvancılık ve paydaşlık bakanlığında çalışan kamu görevlilerine yönelik anketler kullanılarak bir anket kullanılarak toplanmıştır.Anket sonuçları, hem nicel hem de nitel analiz yöntemleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma, nicel betimsel analizin sonucuna dayandı. İstatistikler, Sosyal Bilimler için İstatistik Paketi (SPSS) programı ile yürütülen analiz sonrası demografik özelliklerin ve çalışma faktörlerinin bir özetini ve açıklamasını verir. Açık uçlu soruların sonucu nitel analizde tartışılmış ve cevaplayıcılardan her birinin en önemli üçünü seçmelerini istemek için ek sorular eklenmiştir. nitel analiz. Analizlerin sonuçları, araştırmanın nitel kısmından gelen yanıtlar, ilgili çalışmaların sonuçları ve araştırma bulgularına genel bir bakış açısı sağlamak için Çad Hayvancılık Dairesi'nden gelen hayvancılık istatistik verileriyle daha da doğrulanmıştır. Ortalama ve frekans dağılımı gibi tanımlayıcı istatistikler de kullanılmıştır.Bu araştırmanın ana bulguları, hayvancılık geliştirme politikasının dört faktörden etkilendiğini göstermiştir: hayvancılık verimlilik sistemleri; ekonomik çevre; kamu yönetimi ve yönetişim; ve insan kaynakları geliştirme politikasının yönetimi. Çalışmanın sonuçları, hayvancılık üretim sistemindeki faktörler arasında, hayvancılık politikasına etkileri bakımından, geniş üreme sistemleri bulunduğunu; hayvan sağlığı sorunları; ve veteriner eczanesi. Ekonomik ortamda, faktörler mezbaha modernizasyonunun eksikliğidir; hayvan pazarı sistemlerinin modernizasyonunun eksikliği; hayvan ticareti pazarlama sistemlerinin eksikliği; ve önceliklendirme hayvancılık bütçesi eksikliği. Kamu yönetiminde ve yönetişimde tanımlanan faktörler, önceliklendirme yapan hayvancılık politikasının eksikliğidir; uygunsuz proje yönetimi; stratejik yönetim kapasitesi eksikliği; ve kapasite geliştirme yönetiminin eksikliği. İnsan kaynaklarının geliştirilmesi ve politikasının yönetiminde, etkileyici faktörler, esas sistem ilkelerinin uygulanmasının eksikliğidir; yöneticilerin değerlendirilmemesi; ve eğitim ve uzatma eksikliği.Öneriler, proje yönetimini geliştirmek için politika oluşturma ve uygulamada yer alan kurumlar arasındaki işbirliğini güçlendirmek amacıyla dört faktör etrafında sunulmuştur; Hayvancılık politikasını, ekonomik perspektifi içeren kapsamlı bir yaklaşım gerektiren karmaşık bir sorun olarak ele almak; Gelişen bir sistem olarak hayvancılık politikası vizyonunu modernize etmek. Bu tavsiyeler, hayvancılık politikasının daha fazla uygulanmasını ilgilendirmekte ve merkezi hükümetin ülke genelinde izlenmesi mümkün olan hayvancılık politikasındaki stratejisine atıfta bulunmaktadır. Ancak, bu önerilerin hepsi çok önemlidir, ancak bazıları kısa, orta ve uzun vadede yapılmalıdır.İÇİNDEKİLERSayfa numarası.TABLO LİSTESİXŞEKİL LİSTESİXIKISALTMA LİSTESİXII1. ÇALIŞMA ARKA PLANI11.1 Giriş 11.2 Araştırma Sorunu Beyanı 41.3 Çalışmanın Amacı 61.4 Araştırma Amaçı 71.5 Araştırma Soruları 71.6 Araştırma Hipotezi 81.7 Araştırma Tasarımı ve Metodolojisi 81.8 Çalışmanın Önemi 9 1.9 Tez Bölümlerinin Anahatları 92. LITERATÜR TARAMASI, POLİTİKA UYGULAMASI VE KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE 112.1 Giriş 112.2 Politika Tanımları 122.3 POLİTİKA UYGULAMASI 142.3.1 Açıklayıcı Modeller 162.3.2 Açıklayıcı Modellerin Uygulanması 162.3.3 Reçeteli Modeller 172.3.3.1 Reçete Modellerinin Uygulanması 182.3.4 Rasyonel Yaklaşım 222.3.5 Politik yaklaşım 242.3.6 Uygulama teorisi: Sistem Modeli 252.3.7 AŞAĞIDAN YUKARIYA VE YUKARIDAN AŞAĞIYA YAKLAŞIMLAR 272.3.7.1 Yukarıdan Aşağıya Yaklaşım 282.3.7.2 Aşağıdan Yukarıya Yaklaşım 282.3.7.3 Aşağıdan Yukarıya ve Yukarıdan Aşağıya Yaklaşımların Sentezi 292.3.8 BAŞARILI VE BAŞARISIZ UYGULAMA NEDİR?342.4 KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE: HAYVANCILIK UYGULAMASININ POLİTİKASI 362.4.1 POLİTİKA UYGULAMASINDAN ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER 362.5 HAYVANCILIK POLİTİKASININ UYGULAMASINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER 422.5.1 Hayvancılık Verimlilik Sistemleri 422.5.1.1 Geniş Kapsamlı Islah Sistemi 422.5.1.2 Hayvan Sağlığı Sorunları 432.5.1.3 Veteriner Eczacılığı 432.5.2 Ekonomik Çevre 442.5.2.1 Hayvancılık Pazarlama Sistemleri 442.5.2.2 Hayvancılık Pazar Sistemleri 442.5.2.3 Olumlu Tedbir Eksikliği 452.5.3 Kamu Yönetimi ve Yönetişim 452.5.3.1 Politika Yönetimi 452.5.3.2 Kamu Yönetimi 472.5.4 İnsan Kaynakları Geliştirme Yönetimi 482.5.4.1 Eğitim ve yazışmalı492.5.4.2 Araştırma Hizmetleri 492.5.5 Hayvancılık Gelişme Planlarının Uygulanması 502.5.6 Stratejik Planlama için Devlet Koordinasyonu 522.5.7 Uygulayıcıların Politikaya Yönelik Tutumları 542.5.8 Hayvancılık Planlama ve Bilgi Hizmetleri Livestock 562.5.8.1 Hayvancılık Teknolojisinin Sağlanması 572.6 KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE 572.6.1 KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE ELEMANLARI 582.6.1.1 Politika İçeriği 582.6.1.2 Uygulama İçeriği 592.6.1.3 Uygulayıcıların Politikaya Taahhüdü 602.6.1.4 Politika Uygulama Kapasitesi 612.6.1.5 Uygulama İçin Müşterilere ve Koalisyonlara Destek 622.6.2 Kavramsal Çerçeve 652.7 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 663. ÇAD'IN SOSYO EKONOMİK ORTAMINA GENEL BAKIŞ VE LIVESTOCK POLİTİKA SİSTEMİ 683.1 Giriş 683.2 Ülke Profili 683.2.1 Kolonizasyon ve Bağımsız 693.2.2 Yönetim Seviyesi 703.2.3 Devlet ve Ssiyasi Durum 713.2.4 Doğal Kısıtlamalar 713.3.1 Sosyo-demografik ve Ekonomik Özellikle 723.3.2 Sosyoekonomik Kısıtlamalara Genel Bakış 733.3.3 Siyasi Kısıtlamalar 773.3.4 Çad'da Hayvancılık Sektörü Arka Planı 793.5 PASTORAL KALKINMA BAKANLIĞI ORGANİZASYONU ÇAD VE HAYVAN ÜRETİMİ 813.5.1 Hayvancılıkta Kurumsal Politika Çerçevesi 823.5.2. Hayvancılık Kurumsal Bağlantıları ve Ortaklığı 833.5.3 Hayvancılık Kuruluş Kuruluşları 833.5.4 Özel Sektör Kuruluşları 843.5.5 Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları 853.6 ENDÜSTRİYELLEŞME VE ÜRÜNÜN SINIRLARI İŞLEME 853.6.1 Mezbahaneler ve Kesim Alanları 863.6.2 İşlenmiş Ürün Faaliyetleri 863.6.3 Süt İşleme Üniteleri 883.6.4 Dönüşüm Birimleri 883.6.5 İşlenmiş Ürün Çeşitleri 883.7 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 894. METODOLOJİ METHODOLOGY 904.1 Giriş 904.2 Çalışmanın amacı 904.3 ARAŞTIRMA TASARIMI VE ANALİTİK MODELİ 914.3.1 Araştırma Tasarımı ve Metodoloji 914.4 Nüfus 944.5 Örnek 944.6 Anket Aracı 954.7 Veri Toplama 964.7.1 Pilot Testi 964.7.2 Gerçek Anket/Veri Toplama 974.8 Analiz 974.9 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 985. ÇALIŞMA VERİLERİNİN TOPLANMASI ANALİZİ 995.1 Giriş 995.2 Numunenin Demografik Profili 995.3 Çalışma Faktörleri 1005.3.1 Hayvancılık Verimlilik Sistemi Faktörleri 1015.3.2 Ekonomik Çevre Faktörleri 1025.3.3 Kamu Yönetimi ve Yönetişim 1035.3.4 İnsan Kaynakları Geliştirme ve Politika Yönetimi 1045.3.5 En Önemli Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 1065.3.5.1 Hayvancılık Gelişme Planlarının Uygulanmasının Güçlü ve Zayıf Noktaları 1065.3.5.2 Hayvancılık Stratejik Planlaması için Devlet Koordinasyonunda Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 1075.3.5.3 Uygulayıcıların Hayvancılık Politikasına Karşı Tutumlarında Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 1085.4 ÖZET VE SONUÇ 1096. BULGULARIN TARTIŞMASI, ÇALIŞMA ÖZETİ, SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER 1106.1 Giriş 1106.2 Bulguların Özeti 1106.2.1 Hayvancılık Verimlilik Sistemi Faktörü 1106.2.2 Ekonomik Çevre Faktörü 1116.2.3 Kamu Yönetimi ve Yönetişim Faktörü 1116.2.4 İnsan Kaynakları Geliştirme ve Politika Faktörü Yönetimi 1116.2.5 En Önemli Güçlü Noktalar ve Zayıf Noktalar 1126.3 Bulguların Tartışılması 1146.3.1 Hayvancılık verimlilik sistemi faktörleri ile ilişkileri ve geliştirilmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni 1146.3.2 Ekonomik çevre faktörleri ile geliştirilmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni arasındaki ilişki 1156.3.3 Kamu yönetimi ve yönetişim ve gelişmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni arasındaki ilişki 1186.3.4 İnsan kaynakları geliştirme politikasının yönetimi ile iyileştirilmiş uygulama hizmetlerinin üç bileşeni arasındaki ilişki 1206.3.5 Araştırma Sorusuna Cevap 1226.4 Öğütleme1436.5 Sonuç 161 Kaynakça 162 Ekler 173 Anket 190 --- ABSTRACT:Livestock is an important economic component of Chad as a developing country. It shares in overall country's GDP after the oil sector. In spite of its importance, this sector is facing a number of constraints. In order to explore those constraints, this study was investigated the factors that impact the livestock policy. It is hypothesized that the improvement of the livestock sector in Chad is affected by the policy constraints, already being addressed by the Government. A specified research objective of this study is to analyse the weaknesses and the strengths of livestock policy implementation in Chad; as well as to examine livestock policy implementation. The method used in this research both qualitative and quantitative and is based on two sources of data, primary and secondary. The primary data on the implementation of livestock policy were collected by using a survey through the questionnaires addressed to the public officers working at the Ministry of livestock and stakeholders to identify the parameters influencing the implementation of livestock policy. The survey results were analysed by using both quantitative and qualitative methods of analyses. The study relied on the result of the quantitative descriptive analysis. The statistics give a summary and description of the demographic aspects and the study factors after analysis run with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) programme. The result of open-ended questions was discussed in qualitative analysis and additional questions were added to ask the respondents to select the most significant top three in each part of the three statement-questions each has five strong points and five weak points also were discussed in qualitative analysis. The results of the analyses were further substantiated by the responses from the qualitative part of the survey, by the results of related studies, and by livestock statistical data from the Department of the livestock of Chad to provide a general perspective on the research findings. Descriptive statistics such as mean and frequency distribution were also utilized.The main findings of this research showed that livestock development policy is influenced by four factors: livestock productivity systems; economic environment; public administration and Governance; and management of human resources development policy. The results of the study revealed that among the livestock production system factors in terms of their impact on livestock policy, there are extensive breeding systems; animal health issues; and veterinary pharmacy. In the economic environment, factors are lack of modernization of slaughterhouse; lack of modernization of livestock market systems; lack of livestock trade marketing systems; and lack of livestock budget prioritizing. In public administration and governance identified factors are lack of livestock policy prioritizing; inappropriate project management; lack of strategic management capacity; and lack of administration of the capacity building. And in management of human resources development and policy, the influencing factors are lack of application of the merit system principles; lack of evaluation of administrators; and lack of training and extension. The recommendations are presented around four factors, to improve project management strengthen the collaboration among the agencies involved in policy making and implementation; to address livestock policy as a complex problem which needs a comprehensive approach embracing economic perspective; to modernize vision of livestock policy as an evolving system. These recommendations concern the further implementation of livestock policy and refer to the strategy of the central government in livestock policy that could be pursued across the country. However, all of these recommendations are so important but some of them to be done in short, medium and long term.TABLE OF CONTENTSPage No.LIST OF TABLESXLIST OF FIGURESXILIST OF ABBREVIATIONXII1.STUDY BACKGROUND11.1 Introduction11.2 Statement of Research Problem41.3 Purpose of the Study61.4 Research Objective71.5 Research Questions71.6 Research Hypothesis81.7 Research Design and Methodology81.8 Significance of the Study 9 1.9 Outline of Thesis Chapters 92. LITERATURE REVIEW, POLICY IMPLEMENTATION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 112.1 Introduction112.2 Policy Definitions122.3 POLICY IMPLEMENTATION142.3.1 Descriptive Models162.3.2 Implication of Descriptive Models162.3.3 Prescriptive Models172.3.3.1 Implication of Prescriptive Models 182.3.4 Rational Approach222.3.5 Political approach242.3.6 Implementation theory: System Model252.3.7 TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES272.3.7.1 Top Down Approach282.3.7.2 Bottom Up Approach282.3.7.3 Synthesis of Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches292.3.8 WHAT IS SUCCESSFUL AND FAILED IMPLEMENTATION?342.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF LIVESTOCK POLICY362.4.1 FACTORS THAT AFFECT POLICY IMPLEMENTATION362.5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LIVESTOCK POLICY422.5.1 Livestock Productivity Systems422.5.1.1 Extensive Breedıng System422.5.1.2 Animal Health Issues432.5.1.3 Veterinary Pharmacy432.5.2 Economic Environment442.5.2.1 Livestock Marketing Systems442.5.2.2 Livestock Market Systems 442.5.2.3 Lack of Positive Measures452.5.3 Public Administration and Governance452.5.3.1 Policy Administration452.5.3.2 Public Governance472.5.4 Management of Human Resources Development482.5.4.1 Training and Extension492.5.4.2 Research Services492.5.5 Implementation of Livestock Development Plans502.5.6 Government Coordination for Strategic Planning522.5.7 Attitudes of Implementers Towards the Policy542.5.8 Livestock Planning and Information Services562.5.8.1 Provision of Livestock Technology572.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK572.6.1 ELEMENTS OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK582.6.1.1 Policy Content582.6.1.2 Context of Implementation592.6.1.3 Commitment of Implementers to the Policy602.6.1.4 Capacity to Implement Policy612.6.1.5 Support of Clients and Coalitions for Implementation622.6.2 Conceptual Framework652.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION663. OVERVIEW OF SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF CHAD AND LIVESTOCK POLICY SYSTEM 683.1 Introduction683.2 Country Profile683.2.1 Colonization and Independent693.2.2 Administration level703.2.3 Government and political situation713.2.4 Natural Constraints713.3.1 Socio-demographic and Economic Characteristics723.3.2 Overview of Socioeconomic Constraints 733.3.3 Political Constraints773.3.4 Livestock Sector Background in Chad793.5 ORGANISATION OF MINISTRY OF PASTORAL DEVELOPMENT AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION OF CHAD 813.5.1 Institutional Policy Framework of Livestock823.5.2. Livestock Institutional Linkages and Partnership833.5.3 Livestock Associative Institutions833.5.4 Private Sector Institutions843.5.5 Non-Governmental Organisations853.6 CONSTRAINTS OF INDUSTRIALISATION AND PRODUCT PROCESSING853.6.1 Slaughterhouses and Slaughter Areas863.6.2 Processed Product Activities863.6.3 Milk Processing Units883.6.4 Transformation Units883.6.5 Processed Product Varieties883.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION894. METHODOLOGY 904.1 Introduction904.2 Purpose of the study904.3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND ANALYTICAL MODEL914.3.1 Research Design and Methodology914.4 Population944.5 Sample944.6 Survey Instrument954.7 Data Collection964.7.1 Pilot Test964.7.2 Actual Survey/Data Collection974.8 Analysis974.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION985. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA COLLECTION OF THE STUDY 995.1 Introduction995.2 The Demographic Profile of Sample995.3 Study Factors1005.3.1 Livestock Productivity System Factors1015.3.2 Economic Environment Factors1025.3.3 Public Administration and Governance1035.3.4 Management of Human Resources Development and Policy1045.3.5 The Most Significant Strong Points and Weak Points1065.3.5.1 Strong and weak points of Implementation of Livestock Development Plans1065.3.5.2 Strong Points and Weak point in Government Coordination for Livestock Strategic Planning1075.3.5.3 Strong Points and Weak point in Attitudes of implementers toward the Livestock policy1085.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION1096. DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS, SUMMARY OF THE STUDY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1106.1 Introduction1106.2 Summary of Findings1106.2.1 Livestock Productivity System Factor1106.2.2 Economic Environment Factor1116.2.3 Public Administration and Governance Factor1116.2.4 Management of Human Resources Development and Policy Factor1116.2.5 The Most Significant Strong Points and Weak Points1126.3 Discussion of Findings1146.3.1 Relationship between livestock productivity system factors and the three components of improved implementation services1146.3.2 Relationship between economic environment factors and the three components of improved implementation services1156.3.3 Relationship between public administration and governance and the three components of improved implementation services1186.3.4 Relationship between management of human resources development policy and the three components of improved implementation services1206.3.5 Answer to Research Question1226.4 Recommendation 1436.5 Conclusion 161 Bibliography162 Appendices173 Questionnaires190

Education has long been the target of utopianinterventions, and with technological interventions, offering to change drastically or even eliminates classroom-based learning, traditional education research needs to focus on introducing technology tools at an early age through media literacy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of media literacy and cognitive abilities on the introduction of laptop-based media. This study used a quasi-experimental design involving 46 children. Data collection techniques throughtests and data collection tools using statement sheets, which were processed using t-test. The results showed that the experimental class using the original laptop media had a high average value of 86.66 compared to the control class using the imitation laptop media which had a value of 81.66. There is a significant effect of media literacy and cognitive ability on the introduction of laptop-based media in children. On the introduction of laptop-based media in children, media literacy and cognitive capacities can have a big impact. The comparison of the average value of the control and experimental classes demonstrates this. When children are introduced to media via a genuine laptop, they become more excited and engaged in the experimental lesson. Keywords: media literacy, cognitive ability, laptop-based learning media References: Adams, D., & Hamm, M. (2001). Literacy in a multimedia age. MA: Christopher- Gordon Publishers. Ames, M. G. (2016). Learning consumption: Media, literacy, and the legacy of One Laptop per Child. The Information Society, 32(2), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2016.1130497 Arsyad. (2013). Media Pembelajaran [Learning Media]. Raja Grafindo Persada. Bedford, D. (2021). Evaluating confidence in information literacy: A red/amber/green approach. 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WOS: 000469975500005 ; We present the discovery of HD 221416 b, the first transiting planet identified by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) for which asteroseismology of the host star is possible. HD 221416 b (HIP 116158, TOI-197) is a bright (V = 8.2 mag), spectroscopically classified subgiant that oscillates with an average frequency of about 430 mu Hz and displays a clear signature of mixed modes. The oscillation amplitude confirms that the redder TESS bandpass compared to Kepler has a small effect on the oscillations, supporting the expected yield of thousands of solar-like oscillators with TESS 2 minute cadence observations. Asteroseismic modeling yields a robust determination of the host star radius (R-* = 2.943 +/- 0.064 R-circle dot), mass (M-* = 1.212 +/- 0.074 M-circle dot), and age (4.9 +/- 1.1 Gyr), and demonstrates that it has just started ascending the red-giant branch. Combining asteroseismology with transit modeling and radial-velocity observations, we show that the planet is a "hot Saturn" (R-p = 9.17 +/- 0.33 R-circle plus) with an orbital period of similar to 14.3 days, irradiance of F = 343 +/- 24 F-circle plus, and moderate mass (M-p = 60.5 +/- 5.7 M-circle plus) and density (rho(p) = 0.431 +/- 0.062 g cm(-3)). The properties of HD 221416 b show that the host-star metallicity-planet mass correlation found in sub-Saturns (4-8 R-circle plus) does not extend to larger radii, indicating that planets in the transition between sub-Saturns and Jupiters follow a relatively narrow range of densities. With a density measured to similar to 15%, HD 221416 b is one of the best characterized Saturn-size planets to date, augmenting the small number of known transiting planets around evolved stars and demonstrating the power of TESS to characterize exoplanets and their host stars using asteroseismology. ; National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the TESS Guest Investigator Program [80NSSC18K1585]; National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-1717000]; Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); UK Space Agency; European Social Fund via the Lithuanian Science Council [09.3.3-LMT-K-712-01-0103]; Danish National Research FoundationDanmarks Grundforskningsfond [DNRF106]; FONDECYT projectComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT)CONICYT FONDECYT [1171208]; CONICYT projectComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) [BASAL AFB-170002]; Ministry for the Economy, Development, and Tourism's Programa Iniciativa Cientifica Milenio [IC 120009]; FONDECYTComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT)CONICYT FONDECYT [3180246]; Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS); MINECOSpanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness [ESP2017-82674-R]; AGAURAgencia de Gestio D'Ajuts Universitaris de Recerca Agaur (AGUAR) [SGR2017-1131]; PLATO grant from the CNES; European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP72007-2013) ERC grant [338251]; European Research Council through the SPIRE grant [647383]; FCT (Portugal); FEDER through COMPETE2020 [UID/FIS/04434/2013, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007672, PTDC/FIS-AST/30389/2017, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030389]; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grantEuropean Union (EU) [792848]; European UnionEuropean Union (EU) [664931]; Independent Research Fund Denmark [7027-00096B]; Australian Research CouncilAustralian Research Council; NASANational Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) [NNX16AI09G, AS5-26555]; NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-1514676]; Australian Research CouncilAustralian Research Council [DP150100250]; ERCEuropean Research Council (ERC) [772293]; Ramon y Cajal fellowshipMinistry of Education and Science, Spain [RYC-2015-17697]; Carlsberg FoundationCarlsberg Foundation [CF17-0760]; HBCSE-NIUS programme; NASA through Hubble Fellowship grants - Space Telescope Science Institute [HST-HF2-51399.001, HST-HF2-51424.001]; Premiale 2015 MITiC; NKFIH [K-115709]; Lendulet Program of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences [LP2018-7/2018]; NASA's Science Mission directorate ; The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had within the indigenous Hawai'ian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. We thank Andrei Tokovinin for helpful information on the Speckle observations obtained with SOAR. D.H. acknowledges support by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the TESS Guest Investigator Program (80NSSC18K1585) and by the National Science Foundation (AST-1717000). A.C. acknowledges support by the National Science Foundation under the Graduate Research Fellowship Program. W.J.C., W.H.B., A.M., O.J.H., and G.R.D. acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council and UK Space Agency. H.K. and F.G. acknowledge support from the European Social Fund via the Lithuanian Science Council grant No. 09.3.3-LMT-K-712-01-0103. Funding for the Stellar Astrophysics Centre is provided by The Danish National Research Foundation (grant DNRF106). A.J. acknowledges support from FONDECYT project 1171208, CONICYT project BASAL AFB-170002, and by the Ministry for the Economy, Development, and Tourism's Programa Iniciativa Cientifica Milenio through grant IC 120009, awarded to the Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS). R.B. acknowledges support from FONDECYT Post-doctoral Fellowship Project 3180246, and from the Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS). A.M.S. is supported by grants ESP2017-82674-R (MINECO) and SGR2017-1131 (AGAUR). R.A.G. and L.B. acknowledge the support of the PLATO grant from the CNES. The research leading to the presented results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP72007-2013) ERC grant agreement No. 338251 (StellarAges). S.M. acknowledges support from the European Research Council through the SPIRE grant 647383. This work was also supported by FCT (Portugal) through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2013 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007672, PTDC/FIS-AST/30389/2017, and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030389. T.L.C. acknowledges support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 792848 (PULSATION). E.C. is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 664931. V.S.A. acknowledges support from the Independent Research Fund Denmark (Research grant 7027-00096B). D.S. acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council. S.B. acknowledges NASA grant NNX16AI09G and NSF grant AST-1514676. T.R.W. acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council through grant DP150100250. A.M. acknowledges support from the ERC Consolidator Grant funding scheme (project ASTEROCHRONOMETRY, G.A. n. 772293). S.M. acknowledges support from the Ramon y Cajal fellowship number RYC-2015-17697. M.S.L. is supported by the Carlsberg Foundation (grant agreement No. CF17-0760). A.M. and P.R. acknowledge support from the HBCSE-NIUS programme. J.K.T. and J.T. acknowledge that support for this work was provided by NASA through Hubble Fellowship grants HST-HF2-51399.001 and HST-HF2-51424.001 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract AS5-26555. T.S.R. acknowledges financial support from Premiale 2015 MITiC (PI B. Garilli).; This project has been supported by the NKFIH K-115709 grant and the Lendulet Program of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, project No. LP2018-7/2018.; Based on observations made with the Hertzsprung SONG telescope operated on the Spanish Observatorio del Teide on the island of Tenerife by the Aarhus and Copenhagen Universities and by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA's Science Mission directorate. We acknowledge the use of public TESS Alert data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. This paper includes data collected by the TESS mission, which are publicly available from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST).

Higher education is broadly recognized as one of the most significant components of modern social and economic development. The quality of education at a university depends on factors such as how the university is managed, how effective the management decisions are, and what consequences they have for the advancement of society. While the consequences have numerous hardly equitable aspects, this article hypothesizes that it is possible to build a synthetic model for the assessment of university management, that takes into account a full range of existing quantitative and qualitative effects. The study aims to identify the relationship between the quality of management and the performance variables needed to build the model. The research methodology includes the application of econometric analysis for the formation, ranking, and determination of point values of a balanced scorecard (BSC). Finally, the findings of this research led to the creation of a workable model that allows both direct and reverse translation of a quantitative management assessment into a qualitative (verbal) one. Further, the verification using the available empirical data confirmed the model's validity. We would thus recommend this model for solving a whole range of university management issues, especially in areas with predominant ripple and indirect effects, i.e., in the interaction of higher education entities with regional and local communities.

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAOvih dana konačno smo dočekali dugo očekivanu promjenu na kormilu trgovačkog društva Hrvatske šume d.o.o. O radu i kritici rada dosadašnje Uprave, Hrvatsko šumarsko društvo više se puta decidirano izjašnjavalo, posebice u ovoj rubrici, tražeći odgovore na različita stručna pitanja, no odgovora, a niti stručne polemike nije bilo, već samo bahato ignoriranje i odmazda, sve do otkazivanja pretplate na ovaj časopis.Za svaki novi početak osnovno je utvrditi činjenično stanje kao temelj novoga programa/plana rada. Stoga dobronamjerno savjetujemo novoj Upravi da si kroz odgovore na naša postavljena pitanja, stručne kritike i sugestije, posebice kroz dva teksta iz rubrike Izazovi i suprotstavljanja u br. 11-12/2016. i tekst UO HŠD-a "Kako Hrvatsko šumarsko društvo promišlja šumarstvo Hrvatske" u br. 11-12/2015., olakša uvid u činjenično stanje. Naše dobronamjerne kritike i sugestije išle su u smjeru upozoravanja na ono što je u šumi nestručno rađeno i ono što nažalost nije rađeno, a trebalo je raditi, no to bi onda išlo na uštrb dobiti koja je Upravi bila jedini cilj, bez obzira na posljedice po šumu. Naravno, osvrtali smo se i na potrebe racionalnog korištenja svih benefita šume i šumarstva, što je također izostalo. Zalagali smo se i zalažemo se za decentralistički oblik upravljanja šumskim bogatstvom, očekujući puno veće ovlasti rukovoditelja UŠ Podružnica i nastavno šumarija, pa i revira, kao najboljih poznavatelja odnosnih šumskih resursa i potrajnog gospodarenja istima. Takav način gospodarenja osigurat će sveobuhvatnu korist vlasniku/državi, ali i lokalnoj zajednici, na što se očigledno zaboravilo. Naše stajalište glede stanja u šumarstvu nikada nije bilo deklarativno, nego je počivalo na činjenicama. Tako i ovdje, zagovarajući decentralizaciju upravljanja koristimo podatke iz brošure "Hrvatsko nacionalno blago" u izdanju Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti (HAZU) – iz članka "Šume i šumarstvo", naših akademika Matića i Anića. Kompleksnost gospodarenja šumama u pojedinim dijelovima Hrvatske, koja je jedna od najšumovitijih zemalja u Europi (pola ha po stanovniku), i izbora kvalitetnih šumarskih stručnjaka, ogleda se ponajprije u šumskoj vegetaciji koju tvore 102 šumske zajednice, sa čak oko 260 drvenastih vrsta i 94 vrste drveća. Zagovarajući pak nužne radove koji osiguravaju potrajno gospodarenje šumama i poboljšanje kvalitete naših šuma, a time i njihovih vrijednosti, iz istog članka navodimo kako je njih 5 % vrlo dobre kakvoće, 22 % dobre, 43 % srednje i 29 % loše kakvoće, s time da je 45 % najkvalitetnijih nizinskih šuma ocijenjeno vrlo dobrim. Ulaganje u poboljšanje navedene strukture vidljivo bi se očitovalo u ne samo većoj sirovinskoj osnovici koju je isključivo zagovarala dosadašnja Uprava, nego i ostalim benefitima šume, posebice njenoj općekorisnoj funkciji.Kada smo postavljali pitanja glede kašnjenja ili pak izostavljanja uzgojnih radova i pogubni učinak toga na budućnost sastojine, primjerice u odnosu na našu najvrjedniju vrstu drveća hrast lužnjak, pa i kitnjak (prema odnosnoj brošuri HAZU hrast lužnjak je zastupljen s 14,83 %, a kitnjak s 8,35 %), podsjećamo na ono što smo na Fakultetu učili o toj vrsti drveća, a zaboravljamo ta znanja primijeniti. Koristeći tekstove iz monografije "Hrast lužnjak u Hrvatskoj" navodimo ponajprije uzgojne faze: ponik, pomladak (mlađi i stariji), mladik (mlađi i stariji), mlada, srednjedobna i starija sastojina. Tako je primjerice u starijem mladiku (15-20 god.) kulminacija visinskog prirasta i maksimalni prirast krošnje u širinu, tu se prepoznaju stabla budućnosti, što u mladoj sastojini rezultira diferencijacijom stabala i izdvajanjem u etaže. S gospodarskog stajališta imamo: koljik, letvik, stadij stupovlja i naposljetku stadij pilanske oblovine, gdje od letvika kreću prorjede i dolazi do diferencijacije u visinske, debljinske i vrijednosne razrede. U srednjedobnoj sastojini postepeno opada biološki potencijal glede reagiranja na njegu sastojine (50-70 god.) kada je već formirana struktura sastojine, pa je pitanje kakvi smo stručnjaci i kako smo optimalno iskoristili određeni potencijal šumskog staništa. Na to smo neprestano upozoravali, jer svaki razvojni stadij, a ne samo navedeni, zahtijeva pravovremenu intervenciju, koja doduše predstavlja određeni trošak, ali i korist, posebice u budućnosti.U ovome dvobroju toliko, a u sljedećemu ćemo pozornost sa sličnim podupirućim podacima obratiti na ostalo: o šumi kao infrastrukturnoj kategoriji, općekorisnim funkcijama šume, o odnosima s preradom drva, o odnosu društva i politike prema šumi i šumarstvu i slično. Uredništvo ; EDITORIALThese days we have finally witnessed a long-expected change at the helm of the company Croatian Forests Ltd. The Croatian Forestry Association has on several occasions decidedly expressed its opinion and criticism of the work of the past Management, especially in this column, and has sought answers to various expert issues; however, there has never been any answer, let alone a professional debate. All we received was arrogant disregard and retaliation that went as far as to take the form of the cancellation of the subscription to this journal.For every new beginning it is necessary to establish the factual state of affairs as a basis for a new working programme/plan. For this reason we would advise the new Management to facilitate its insight into the facts by consulting the answers to our questions, criticisms and suggestions (given particularly in the two texts in the column Challenges and Confrontations in No. 11-12/2016 and in the text by the MB of the Croatian Forestry Association entitled "How does the Croatian Forestry Association perceive Croatian forestry" in No. 11-12/2015). Our well-meaning criticism and suggestions were intended to warn the public against inexpert operations in the forest and even more against what has regrettably not been done but should have been done, mostly because this would have conflicted with profit, the only goal of the Management regardless of the adverse consequences for the forest. We have also highlighted the need for a more rational use of all the benefits of forests and forestry, which was also sadly missing. We have advocated and will continue to advocate a decentralised form of management of forest wealth. We also expect managers of forest administrations, forest offices and even forest districts, who are experts in forest resources and their sustainable management, to be given much more power. A decentralized form of management will ensure general benefits for the owner/state, but also for the local community, which is something that has obviously been forgotten. Our attitudes towards the situation in forestry have never been of a declarative nature, but have always been based on facts. By advocating decentralized management, we rely on the data from the article "Forests and Forestry" by Academy members Slavko Matić and Igor Anić, contained in the brochure "Croatian National Treasure" published by the Croatian Academy of Science and Art. The complex nature of forest management in certain parts of Croatia, one of the most forested countries of Europe (half a hectare per person) and the employment of high quality forestry experts is reflected primarily in the forest vegetation composed of 102 forest communities with no less than about 260 woody species and 94 tree species. By endorsing treatments that are necessary to ensure sustainable forest management and an improved quality and value of Croatian forests, we again present data from the mentioned article, in which 5 % of the forests are of very good quality, 22 % are of good quality, 43 % are of medium quality and 29 % are of poor quality. Forty-five percent of the best quality lowland forests were estimated as very good. Investing in the improvement of the mentioned structure would result not only in a greater raw material base, something that was exclusively supported by the former Management, but also in other benefits of the forest and in particular in its non-market functions. When we raise questions related to delayed silvicultural treatments or even their omission and to the adverse effects of this on the future of stands, e.g. with regard to pedunculate oak, the most valuable Croatian tree species, and sessile oak (according to the above brochure, pedunculate oak accounts for14.83 % and sessile oak for 8.35 % of the area), we like to remind ourselves of what we learned about these tree species at the Faculty, but forget to apply this knowledge. Based on the texts from the monograph "Pedunculate oak in Croatia", we list the following silvicultural stages: seedling stage, sapling stage (young and old), young forest (younger and older), young, middle-aged and mature stand. Thus, for example, the older sapling stage (15 - 20 years of age) experiences the culmination of height increment and maximal crown increment in the width. This is where future trees are singled out, which results in tree differentiation and selection into stories in the young stand. From a commercial standpoint there are: prop stage, pole stage, pile stage and finally sawmill roundwood stage, where thinning operations are applied in the pole stage and differentiation into height, diameter and value classes takes place. In a middle-aged stand, when the stand structure is already formed, the biological potential related to a response to stand tending (50 - 70 years of age) gradually decreases. The concluding question is: what kind of experts are we and how have we optimally made use of certain potentials of a forest habitat? This is what we have repeatedly stressed, because every developmental stage, not only the ones mentioned above, requires timely interventions. True, they come at a certain cost, but on the other hand they provide immeasurable benefits, especially for the future. This concludes the current double issue. In the next issue we will focus on other topics of interest and we will accompany them with data. These topics include the forest as an infrastructural category, non-market forest functions, relations with wood processing, attitudes of the society and politics towards the forest and forestry, and similar. Editorial Board

Diese Dissertation bietet einen Überblick über mehrere ökonometrische Modellklassen, die sich zur Analyse von Dynamiken und Wechselwirkungen von Preiszeitreihen eignen. Sie behandelt Modelle zur Analyse von Preisbeziehungen im vertikalen Handel, d.h. entlang der Verarbeitungskette, als auch im horizontalen Handel, d.h. zwischen räumlich getrennten Märkten eines Gutes. Diese Arbeit stellt die Charakteristika von vier ausgewählten Modellklassen ausführlich vor. Drei angewandte Untersuchungen, die in den Anhängen der Arbeit zu finden sind, ergänzen die Arbeit. Die Dissertation enthält drei Beiträge zur bestehenden Literatur. Sie bietet einen Überblick zu den aktuellen methodischen Entwicklungen in der Analyse von Preisbeziehungen. Weiterhin arbeitet sie Beziehungen der Methoden zueinander heraus, vergleicht sie und stellt sie gegenüber. Ein vertieftes Verständnis der Mechanismen, die den behandelten Modellen zu Grunde liegen, kann die Auswahl einer geeigneten Modellklasse unter Berücksichtigung des empirischen Zusammenhangs und der ökonomischen Theorie unterstützen. Deshalb konzentriert sich diese Dissertation auf die den Modellen zugrundeliegende Intuition, um die Verbindung zwischen ökonometrischer Theorie und der Analyse empirischer Fragen in der angewandten agrarökonomischen Forschung zu stärken. Als dritten Aspekt beinhaltet die Arbeit drei empirische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von sich verändernden Politikrahmen auf die Übertragungen von Preissignalen ausgewählter Agrargüter in der Europäischen Union als auch in der Ostafrikanischen Gemeinschaft.Das erste Kapitel stellt die Grundlagen der ökonometrischen Modelle vor und geht dabei v.a. auf Eigenschaften ein, die ökonomische Zeitreihen kennzeichnen, da sie den Datentyp darstellen, der im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit steht. Es entwickelt das Grundmodell des Fehlerkorrekturmodells, d.h. eines autoregressiven Zeitreihenmodells, das sich zur Analyse kointegrierter Variablen eignet. Unter anderem bietet eine Reihe von Grafiken eine leichtverständliche schematische Zusammenfassung von zentralen Eigenschaften der Modellklasse. Anschließend werden Schlüsselbegriffe hinsichtlich der Interpretation des Modells im Kontext der räumlichen Preisanalyse definiert. Formen von Nichtlinearitäten in der Preistransmission werden diskutiert, um das Interesse dieser Arbeit, das in Nichtlinearitäten in der kurzfristigen Preistransmission liegt, klar abzugrenzen. Weiterhin werden Modellierungsansätze für nichtkonstante Parameter in der Form von regime-abhängigen Modellen oder nichtparametrischen Funktionen aufgezeigt.Das zweite Kapitel stellt die vier Modellklassen eingehend vor. Die Klassen des Schwellenvektorfehlerkorrekturmodells (threshold), des Markow-Sprung-Vektorfehlerkorrekturmodells (Markov-Switching) und des semiparametrischen Vektorfehlerkorrekturmodells werden als Mitglieder der Familie der Kointegrationsmodelle vorgestellt. Das Paritätsschrankenmodell (parity bounds) repräsentiert eine Klasse aus der Familie der Mischverteilungsmodelle. Das Kapitel stellt die grundlegende Idee, die formale Struktur, die Schätzung, Interpretation und Anwendung jeder Klasse ausführlich dar.Eine kritische Zusammenfassung der behandelten Modelle findet sich in Kapitel 3. Es thematisiert zuerst eine Reihe von Problemen der genannten Klassen der Kointegrationsmodelle. Danach wird auf notwendige Eigenschaften geeigneter Regime-Generationsmechanismen eingegangen, woran sich eine Kritik des Paritätsschrankenmodells anschließt. Schließlich werden die Vor- und Nachteile der Modellklassen beider Familien im Rahmen eines kritischen Vergleiches herausgearbeitet, der auch die Diskussion von Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschieden zwischen dem Schwellenvektorfehlerkorrekturmodell und dem Paritätsschrankenmodell beinhaltet. Als letzter Aspekt werden die Verteilungen, die durch ausgewählte Versionen der Kointegrationsmodelle impliziert werden, den Verteilungsannahmen der Paritätsschrankenmodelle gegenübergestellt. Kapitel 4 schießt die Dissertation.Die empirischen Studien in den Anhängen der Dissertation untersuchen den Einfluss struktureller Veränderungen auf die Transmission europäischer Kälberpreise und das regime-abhängige Verhalten räumlicher Maispreisbeziehungen in Ostafrika. Außerdem werden die Struktur und die Determinanten der Transmission von Maispreisen im inländischen als auch im grenzüberschreitenden Handel analysiert.Die räumliche Preistransmission zwischen europäischen Kälbermärkten nach den Fischlerreformen von 2003 steht im Mittelpunkt von Anhang A. Er analysiert die Auswirkungen variierender nationaler Umsetzungsstrategien hinsichtlich der Entkopplung landwirtschaftlicher Subventionszahlungen von Produktionsentscheidungen und die Effekte von Transportbeschränkungen, die in Folge des Ausbruchs der Blauzungenkrankheit in Mitteleuropa erlassen wurden. Es wird festgestellt, dass die Kälbermärkte Deutschlands, Frankreichs, der Niederlande und Spaniens zu einem sehr gut funktionierenden gemeinsamen Markt gehören. Die Hypothesen, dass die Entkopplung zu sinkenden Preisniveaus führt als auch dass der Ausbruch der Blauzungenkrankheit einen Strukturbruch in einem Teil der europäischen Kälbermärkte zur Folge hatte, können statistisch untermauert werden.Der Anhang B bietet einen Überblick über Markow-Sprung-Zeitreihenmodelle. Die Beschreibung der Modelleigenschaften wird durch das Fallbeispiel der räumlichen Analyse von Maispreisen zwischen Kenia und Tansania veranschaulicht. Ein Markow-Sprung-Vektorautoregressives Modell wird verwendet, um Regime der Maispreismargen zwischen einem von vier tansanischen Märkten und Nairobi zwischen 2000 und 2008 zu identifizieren. Es werden fünf Perioden deutlich erhöhter Margen gefunden, die zwischen vier und siebzehn Monaten andauerten und teilweise mit den in der Literatur angeführten Zeiträumen tansanischer Ausfuhrverbote entsprechen.Der Anhang C untersucht Einflussfaktoren auf das Ausmaß der Preistransmission, wie z.B. Entfernung und die Existenz einer Grenze, im inländischen als auch im grenzüberschreitenden Handel zwischen Kenia, Tansania und Uganda zwischen 2000 und 2008. Es wird festgestellt, dass das Ausmaß der Preistransmission von der Entfernung und der Gegenwart einer Grenze abhängt. Der Einfluss der Entfernung erscheint nichtlinear, so dass ein semiparametrisches lineares Regressionsmodell zur Modellierung herangezogen wird. Tansania stellt sich als isolierte und intern fragmentierte Insel innerhalb des ostafrikanischen Maismarktes dar. Die Preistransmission zwischen Nairobi und den anderen Märkten ist überdurchschnittlich stark, was die zentrale Rolle der Stadt im ostafrikanischen Handelssystem bestätigt.Anhang D vergleicht die beiden regime-anhängigen ökonometrischen Ansätze des Schwellen- und des Markow-Sprung-Vektorfehlerkorrekturmodells. Zuerst wird jedes Modell ausführlich charakterisiert, woran sich ein umfangreicher Vergleich anschließt. Die Annahmen hinsichtlich des Mechanismus der Regimewechsel unterscheiden sich grundlegend. Ein Monte-Carlo-Experiment untersucht Schätzmethoden beider Modelle für simulierte Daten. Jeder Ansatz stellt sich als angemessene Modellierung einer speziellen Form nichtlinearer Preistransmission dar. Ihre Eigenschaften entsprechen der zugrundeliegenden ökonomischen Theorie und ermöglichen eine plausible Interpretation. Jedoch weisen die verwendeten Schätzmethoden Schwächen auf, da sie u.a. nicht robust gegen Störparameter sind. Eine Literaturübersicht zu empirischen Untersuchungen mittels des Schwellenvektorfehlerkorrekturmodells schließt den Anhang ab. ; This dissertation aims at providing an overview of various econometric model classes which are suitable for the analysis of dynamics and interrelationships of price time series. It discusses a number of models which are suitable for the analysis of price relationships both in the vertical, i.e., of markets along the processing chain, and the horizontal domain, i.e., of markets of one commodity in space. The dissertation provides an in-depth discussion of four model classes and, in the appendices, three empirical applications of selected models. It is a contribution to the literature in three respects. First, it provides an overview of recent developments of the methodology used to analyze price relationships. Second, it serves to relate, to compare and to contrast these classes. A well developed intuition of the fundamental mechanisms governing such models can help the selection of an adequate model class based on the empirical context and economic theory. Therefore, the thesis focuses on the intuition of the model classes in order to improve the link between econometric theory and the study of empirical questions in applied research in agricultural economics. Third, the dissertation provides three analyses of the impacts of changing policy environments on the transmission of prices of selected agricultural commodities within the European Union as well as within the East African Community.Chapter 1 presents the background, that is, properties which characterize the type of data this thesis is focused on, i.e., time series of economic variables. It introduces the basic model class of autoregressive time series models which is useful for cointegrated variables (vector error-correction model). It presents a number of graphs which provide a schematic summary of key model characteristics. Afterwards, it defines core concepts with regard to the interpretation in the context of spatial price analysis. Forms of nonlinearities in price transmission are discussed. This serves to confine the focus of the thesis which lies in nonlinearities in short-run price transmission. Such nonlinearities are caused by nonconstant parameters, and can be modeled by regime-dependent constants or nonparametric functions.Chapter 2 presents the four model classes in detail. The classes of the threshold vector error-correction model, the Markov-switching vector error-correction model and the semiparametric vector error-correction model belong to the cointegration family of models. The parity bounds model represents a class of the family of mixture distribution models. The chapter addresses the underlying idea, the formal structure, estimation, interpretation, and applications of each class.Chapter 3 provides a critical summary of the presented models. It first discusses a number of problems of the three presented classes of the family of cointegration models. Afterwards, it elaborates on properties of suitable regime-generating processes. This is followed by a critical discussion of the parity bounds model. The chapter closes with a critical comparison of the model classes highlighting the advantages and drawbacks of each. Furthermore, similarities and differences between the thresholds and the parity bounds models are addressed. The distributions of the underlying data which are implied by selected versions of cointegration models are contrasted to the distributional assumptions of the parity bounds model. Chapter 4 concludes the dissertation.The empirical studies in the appendices of the dissertation analyze the impact of structural changes on the transmission of European calf prices, and regime-dependent behavior of spatial maize price relationships in Eastern Africa. Furthermore, the structure and determinants of the transmission of maize prices in domestic as well as cross-border trade are assessed.Appendix A studies spatial price transmission between European calf markets after the Fischler reforms of 2003. It focuses on the effects of different national strategies in decoupling agricultural support from production and of movement restrictions, which resulted from the outbreak of the Blue Tongue disease in central Europe. The calf markets in Germany, France, the Netherlands and Spain are found to belong to a well-functioning common market. We find strong statistical support for the hypothesis that decoupling reduced calf price levels. Additionally, the results indicate that the outbreak of the Blue Tongue disease induced a structural break in parts of the EU calf market.Appendix B gives an overview of the class of Markov-switching time series models. We first provide an overview of the model framework. It then presents an illustrative application to the analysis of spatial maize prices between Tanzania and Kenya. A Markov-switching vector autoregressive model is employed to assess regimes in maize price margins between each of four regions in Tanzania and Nairobi, the Kenyan capital, between 2000 and 2008. Five periods of increased price margins are identified which last from four to seventeen months and partly correspond to the timings of Tanzanian export restrictions reported in the literature.Appendix C analyzes factors which influence the magnitude of price transmission, e.g., distance and the existence of a border, in domestic and cross-border trade between Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda between 2000 and 2008. The magnitude of price transmission is found to vary systematically with distance and the presence or lack of a national border. The impact of distance is shown to be nonlinear, and is thus modeled using a semi-parametric partially linear regression model. Tanzania appears to be an isolated and internally fragmented island within the East African maize market. Price transmission between Nairobi and other markets is strong, which confirms the central role which Nairobi plays in East African trade.Appendix D compares two regime-dependent econometric models for price transmission analysis, namely the threshold vector error-correction model and Markov-switching vector error-correction model. It first provides a detailed characterization of each, which is followed by a comprehensive comparison. The assumptions regarding the nature of the regime-switching mechanisms differ fundamentally. A Monte Carlo experiment studies the performance of the estimation techniques of both models for simulated data. Each approach is found to be adequate for modeling a certain type of nonlinear price transmission. Their characteristics match the underlying economic theory and allow for an easy interpretation. Nevertheless, the results of the corresponding estimation techniques do not reproduce the true parameters and are not robust against nuisance parameters. A review of empirical studies of the class of threshold vector error-correction models completes the appendix.

This report covers basic descriptions and characteristics of the equine sector, including statistics on number of horses, horse farms, employment, current structure and recent dynamics in the horse sector in Finland, Latvia and Sweden and also the mobility (e.g. trade, import, export and tourism) within the Central Baltic Region. The information was gathered through literature reviews, round table discussions and interviews with equine organisations and stakeholders, and through visits to farms with equine business activities in each of the three countries. Horses in Finland, Latvia and Sweden At the moment the horse population in Finland is growing steadily. In 2010 there were about 75 000 horses. Most of these are warm-blooded trotting horses, but riding horses are becoming increasingly popular as riding as a hobby increases in popularity. Approximately 35 000 people own at least one horse and co-ownership is becoming a common way of owning a horse with relatively small costs and responsibilities, especially among trotting sports. There are approximately 16 000 stables, of which over 3 000 are business orientated. These numbers are still only estimates, because Finland is lacking a comprehensive register of stables and stable enterprises. Although statistical data on the number of horses, breeds, herds, stables etc. are being collected and are available in Latvia, there is still a lack of statistical data that characterise the sector in relation to employment, provide an idea of the financial results, and characterise horse uses for tourism or therapy purposes. For example, there are no data on the number of people working with horses. This is perhaps related to the perception of the sector as being located within the context of horse breeding. Statistical data show that the number of horses in Latvia in general has decreased, from 15 250 in 2005 to 11 476 in 2012, and the current trends indicate that it could decrease even more. The number of livestock has decreased correspondingly, from 9814 in 2005 to 5577 in 2012. More than 84% of all farms have 1 to 5 horses, and only a few farms have more than 100 horses. The number of horses in Sweden decreased in the early 1920s from about 700 000 to about 70 000 in the 1970s. During the past 30 years the number of horses has increased tremendously, but the trend seems to be stagnated the last few years. Today there are approximately 362 700 horses and about 20% of all horses in Sweden are within business establishments. The number of horses per 1 000 habitants is 39 for the whole country and Sweden is now estimated to have the second highest density of horses per capita in Europe. There are approximately 77 800 establishments involving horses in Sweden. The equine businesses have on average 4.7 horses and provide full-time or part-time work for a total of 25 000 people. About two-thirds of those working with horses are women. Horse related legislation in Finland, Latvia and Sweden Environmental legislation is one of the broadest judicial systems in Finland. It consists of a number of different laws and regulations, relating to waste disposal, water protection, environmental protection, land use and construction. After EU membership, environmental legislation in Finland was harmonised with EC (European Community) legislation, especially in the case of environmental protection and conservation. The main environmental legislation concerning the horse sector in Finland consists of following laws, directives and regulations: 1) Environmental protection law and regulation, 2) Waste law and regulation, 3) EU waste incineration directive, 4) By-product regulation, 5) Nitrate regulation, 6) Law concerning dead animals in remote areas, 7) The law on processing household water in remote areas, 8) Health protection law and regulation, 9) Fertilizer law, 10) Conservation law, 11) Land use and construction law and 12) Law about neighbourliness. According to the requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture, the policy of the horse breeding sector in Latvia is based on: a) Horse breeding is performed according to the targets stated in the breeding programme, which are based on production of high quality animals, preservation and improvement of the genotype through purposeful use of the breeding stock and improvement of horse monitoring, b) The importance of the development of horses and equestrian sports within the framework of the common agricultural policy is emphasised in order to encourage development of the rural environment, and c) Horse breeding is compliant with welfare regulations. National and European Union aid for the development of the agricultural sector is allocated to horse breeding too. Most of it consists of aid for breeding measures in the equine sector. Currently there are no specific regulations in Latvia which define requirements for keeping horses. Horse breeding is not distinguished separately within the field of animal welfare in Latvia and therefore the main document is the Animal Protection Law. Its norms are general, while Cabinet Regulation No 959 ´Welfare Requirements for the Keeping and Training of Sport, Work and Exhibition Animals and Use Thereof in Competitions, Work or Exhibitions´ does not specify actions with horses and can easily be interpreted in different ways. There is no measurable evaluation system to assess fulfilment of the requirements in the Cabinet Regulations. The law stipulates the actions and activities which may be undertaken with an animal and those which are strictly forbidden and lists the institutions that should supervise compliance with the law and the welfare requirements. Latvia lacks the basis of normative documents that would specifically regulate personal safety in the horse breeding sector and in businesses related to horse use. Therefore the common normative basis has to be considered, the foundation of which is the ´Labour Protection Law´. The foundation of Swedish environmental legislation is the Swedish Environmental Code. The purpose of the Swedish Environmental Code is to promote sustainable development which will assure a healthy and sound environment for present and future generations. The Code is a legislative framework based on a number of fundamental principles permeating international environmental protection and resource management. These include the "precautionary" principle, the "polluter pays" principle, the "product choice" principle and principles governing resource management, natural cycles and appropriate siting of industrial (and other) operations and remedial measures. The main environmental legislation in Sweden concerning the horse sector consists of the following laws, directives, ordinances and regulations: 1) Environmental Code, 2) Ordinance concerning environmentally hazardous activities and the protection of public health, 3) Ordinance on environmental consideration in agriculture, 4) Nitrate directive, 5) Water directive, 6) Swedish guidance on storage and spreading of manure, 7) Regulation on environmental consideration in agriculture as regards plant nutrients, 8) Ordinance on inspection and enforcement according to the Environmental Code, 9) Ordinance on self-inspection by operators, 10) Ordinance on animal by-products, 11) Ordinance on fees for examination and supervision under the Environmental Code and the fees ordinance, 12) Regulations on the protection of the environment, in particular the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture, 13) Regulations on consideration for natural and cultural values in agriculture, 14) Ordinance on environmental penalty charge, 15) The Planning and Building Ordinance, 16) The Land Code. In Sweden the occupational safety and health issues in general are regulated in the Work Environmental Act (SFS 1977:1160), in the Work Environmental Ordinance (SFS 1977:1166) and in several provisions. There is no specific legislation regarding occupational health and safety in the horse sector. However, these issues are included in the provision Working with animals (SFS 2008:17). Some results of the round table discussions in Finland, Latvia and Sweden In general, the participants in round table discussions in Finland were hoping for concrete solutions and examples of low-cost and easy help for everyday businesses. Entrepreneurs with lower profitability need more support, but the challenge is to get them involved in education or advisory events. The riding sector at least is much divided, with some businesses having as many customers as they can serve, and others who are constantly on the edge of bankruptcy. To help those small and medium-sized enterprises that need help the most, the project should produce advice that can immediately be used in practice, and concrete results and solutions. The problem with small and medium-sized businesses is the lack of capital and the related impossibility of investing large amounts of money in new technologies or large-scale facilities. In this sector the profitability and competitiveness are often low, but small changes in operations could improve these. Many business owners are still lacking business skills and they may not see what they could use as a competitive advantage. The current understanding of the equine sector in Latvia has to be reconsidered or a better understanding has to be created. Therefore the policy guidelines and the aid to the sector will have to be reviewed. For example, according to the view of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Latvia, the equine sector only concerns breeding and accordingly state aid is predominantly provided for this purpose. The Latvian Horse Breeding Association also considers breeding to be its priority, but several representatives of the tourism industry expressed the opinion that horse breeding should be reconsidered, paying special attention to the Latvian horse breed, which could be interesting for foreign and local tourists as a special feature of Latvia. Latvian breed horses possess a nature and traits that make them suitable for tourism and also therapeutic riding purposes. The equine sector in Latvia in general lacks a clear direction for orientation, what should be bred, what might be a profitable product or an exportable product. Since this is not clear on a national scale, it is difficult to discuss aid instruments. The people working in the sector often lack skills in project preparation, they do not have time to learn and study it all, and therefore it is difficult to apply for and to receive the aid. In order to solve this, it is usual practice to involve companies that prepare the project application. Other entrepreneurs try to master these skills themselves. The horse sector in Sweden is now on a downward trend, pointing out the decreased number of served mares. The horse businesses need to streamline their business ideas, look for better locations (closer to customers) and the activities offered must be more adapted to customer needs and demands, such as different types of activities and livery stables with more specialist services or diversified food production. In general, horse stables will have a lot of opportunities in the sector if they can keep up with the changes in the sector. The interest in Sweden regarding keeping horses and attending riding sports was perceived to be decreasing and it was thought that there is a system change underway. The way to keep horses in the future may not be the same as it used to be. People are not willing to sacrifice time and efforts to keep on with horses any more, people are getting older and there is limited recruitment of young people into the sector. The horse activities mainly take place in urban and periurban areas.