Suchergebnisse

Reprinted in: Africa Rept 10:15-20 Jl '65.

2 kinds of communication of information are distinguished: information, in which the audience accepts itself as being subordinate to the communicator, & persuasion, in which the audience considers itself to be equal to the communicator. Further, pol'al communications presented in a form designed to bring about the compliance of those to whom it is directed (decision) may be differentiated from pol'al communication designed to affect the att's of parties whose free choice determines the form that the pol'al system takes (policy). Policy statements represent the reaction of pol'al actors to their environment, politics being the sum total of activities involved in the acquisition & retention of public office & the pol'al environment being the conditions that affect such activities. 'Decisions presented in a way which maintains or increases the pol'al support of the decision-makers amounts to good policy.' The effect of decision on policy is to render it unstable; pol'al statements must be modified to meet the new conditions of the pol'al environment. I. Taviss.

Political caricatures by Edmond Xavier Kapp, a London-born artist who served as an official war artist for the United Kingdom from 1940-41, produced many portraits during his lifetime. ; https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/library_photos/1020/thumbnail.jpg

AbstractScholars, policy makers, and research sponsors have long sought to understand the conditions under which scientific research is used in the policy‐making process. Recent research has identified a resource that can be used to trace the use of science across time and many policy domains. U.S. federal agencies are mandated by executive order to justify all economically significant regulations by regulatory impact analyses (RIAs), in which they present evidence of the scientific underpinnings and consequences of the proposed rule. To gain new insight into when and how regulators invoke science in their policy justifications, we ask: does the political attention and controversy surrounding a regulation affect the extent to which science is utilized in RIAs? We examine scientific citation activity in all 101 economically significant RIAs from 2008 to 2012 and evaluate the effects of attention—from the public, policy elites, and the media—on the degree of science use in RIAs. Our main finding is that regulators draw more heavily on scientific research when justifying rules subject to a high degree of attention from outside actors. These findings suggest that scientific research plays an important role in the justification of regulations, especially those that are highly salient to the public and other policy actors.

This article analyzes policing political protest in post-independent Lithuania. It argues that since the early 2000s, policing of political protest as an issue has increased in importance as Lithuania has experienced political mobilization and radicalization among groups disadvantaged by post-communist reforms. It is suggested that police responses reveal precursor tendencies towards growing authoritarianism which has become more visible in the most recent period. In 2008, the onset of deep economic crisis across the region has generated rising social unrest (including outbreaks of street riot) as a result of government adoption of severe austerity measures. The article examines the growing centralization and militarization of policing and the increasing criminalization of public protest, as well as the restriction and litigation of organized dissent by authorities. At the same time, it also points to the internal contradictions of austerity programs which lack popular legitimacy both at the level of the state and society, including more vocal and militant labor unions; increasing challenges by the courts to the drift towards a new authoritarianism; and, paradoxically, the emergence of growing labor unrest within police force itself, with the potential to undermine authoritarian tendencies in policing 'from within.' The wider implications of (re)turn to post-communist authoritarianism in public order policing are discussed.