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In the Deep South & in Northern Ireland, minorities have sought, in opposite directions with opposite results, to establish their rights as citizens. While political violence in the Deep South has abated since 1964, Northern Ireland has experienced continuing upheaval with virtual suspension of local representative government. The areas deserve comparison on the basis of several inherent similar characteristics: (1) the division into two distinct communities, white-black, Protestant-Catholic, (2) border areas in relation to the main metropolitan society, (3) roles assigned ascriptively by skin color or religion, (4) historic political rebellions after which both areas remained dependent on a central government but with a great degree of autonomous rule in local affairs, & (5) majority use of free elections to maintain one party government. Within this political & social environment, Ulster Catholics & Southern blacks had three active choices to gain rights as full citizens: electoral activity, recourse to the courts, & protest & rebellion. Southern blacks chose to use the courts to defend their inalienable rights as citizens. While the court arena does not guarantee victory, the minority argument has the same opportunity to influence the judges as the majority argument. The courts, acting independently of government influence, upheld the Constitution & decided in favor of full citizenship for blacks. After the decision, with a general unwillingness to defy federal authority, Southern whites were pressured to accept the court ruling by questioning their loyalty to America. Northern Ireland, in contrast, adopted the protest strategy. Unlike Southern blacks who asked to be treated as Americans under the Constitution, Irish Catholics demanded full citizenship without an appeal to national loyalties. Britain, desiring to maintain law & order rather than guarantee justiciable rights, suspended the representative government & established legal inquiries of quasi-judicial status under government control which lacked the full powers of American Congressional inquiries. Without access to the courts, & as a minority with no electoral power, Catholics resorted to increased protest which has not secured them their desired rights. An examination of Northern Ireland & the Deep South supports the proposition that justiciable rights have priority over electoral rights, while judicial protest is more effective than street violence. In the courts an aggrieved minority does not submit to the will of the majority & through judicial victory establishes its rights more permanently. J. Massey.

This dissertation investigates the historical emergence of wife-beating laws in the United States. The key questions I investigate are: What were the social conditions in which wife- beating laws emerged in the nineteenth-century South? What do these conditions reveal about the primary functions of these laws? Based on analysis of 19th-century legal and government data, local and appellate case records, federal reports, Freedman's Bureau documents, periodical data, and family records, I argue that Southern wife-beating laws were a white supremacist post-Civil War response to the legalization of black family formation. They functioned to control black labor and degrade the status of blackness.My research challenges conventional accounts about the historical origins of U.S. domestic violence legislation. Since the proliferation of early wife-beating laws (1870-1900) coincided with first wave feminism, scholarship assumes that they were the result of feminist agency and borne out of a desire to protect women. These assumptions have led to two important limitations in domestic violence scholarship. First, most scholarship focuses on the North, where first wave feminism flourished. Second, even when research considers the effects of other social factors, such as race and class, it foregrounds the effects of feminist agency. Both limitations are troubling because the first state to legally rescind a husband's right to chastise his wife was Alabama, whose 1871 Fulgham v. State ruling was also the country's first in which the litigants were black. In fact, anti-wife-beating laws proliferated throughout southern states where, like Alabama, there was neither a feminist movement, nor female collective action against wife-beating. By the early 1900s, the ideological association between wife-beating and black families was so pervasive that denying "wife-beaters" the vote was a device some southern states used to disenfranchise black men.In contrast to the feminist narrative, I argue that southern anti-wife-beating laws were a postbellum response to the racialized and gendered convergence of the antebellum Master- slave and Husband-wife relationships. Antebellum socio-legal norms simultaneously advanced marital cruelty protections for wives on the one hand and encouraged the physical chastisement of slaves on the other. This ensured that the authority to beat slave women – to include de facto slave wives – was a specifically white male prerogative; and, it added physical chastisement to a long list of naturalized distinctions between blackness and whiteness. Emancipation exposed the fragility of 'domestic relations' – and thus the1southern way of life – by highlighting its dependence on racialized gender hierarchies. Wife- beating laws that threatened to punish black men, in the midst of socio-legal norms that kept black women vulnerable to white male violence, helped to restore a southern way of life that simultaneously controlled the labor and degraded the status of black families.The dissertation has six chapters. The introductory chapter provides the theoretical framework for the project. Wife-beating cases, I argue, performed the crucial socio-legal function of reinforcing domestic gender norms – norms that were inextricably articulated through race and class, given the southern household's distinctive Master-slave relationship. Chapter Two reveals that the antebellum progression of laws created a racialized double- standard for wife-beating, in which the prerogative to chastise white wives and slave men's de facto wives, was a privilege exclusive to white men. Chapter Three begins after the Civil war, when the Reconstruction amendments led Southern states to legally recognize black marriages and families. But the antebellum racialized double-standard for wife-beating nevertheless endured, criminalizing black men as wife-beaters in a burgeoning law and order regime that enabled control over black labor. Chapter Four elucidates how, the racialization of wife-beating as a black crime functioned to symbolize and reify a hegemonic ideology of black family dysfunction. Chapter Five examines how wife-beating is eventually used to disenfranchise black men. Chapter Six concludes the dissertation. Situated at the intersection of sociology of family, political economy, criminalization, and 19th-century southern historical literatures, my dissertation reveals how racial projects to symbolically and materially privilege Whiteness motivated the emergence of "feminist" laws that scholarship and social policy largely conceptualize as apart from race, class, and market forces.

Examines the designation of magistrates of the Supreme Court of Justice, the Court's jurisdiction and control of the constitutionality of laws, guarantees of fundamental rights and freedoms, organization of the Court, and the value of its work; Nicaragua.

In the article in a consistent level researching the story behind, the process of global public perception valuable meaning of judicial independent idea, as well as stages of implementation of its idea in the function of direct Constitutional principle into organization and functioning the state mechanism of every modern democracy and legal-state. Pointed that realization of its important politico-legal idea in the society's and the state's real life is supported the proper constitutionally legal mechanism. Such mechanism usually means the integral system of statutory and regulatory as well as managerially institutional forms and recourses, which in aggregate provide social authority of judiciary, impartial justice in the form of fair and legally judgments, and indisputable and timely execution of it by all parties of public relationships free of its legal status and social status.In the article there is integrated analysis of legal framework and the system of the state and non-state institutions partial constitutionally legal mechanism of judiciary independence supporting as well as problem spheres of it's functionality on the modern stage of state-legal development of Ukraine. The conclusion is made that existence of statutory-regulatory regulation and institutional system totally are sufficient qualitative for the reaching the desired aim – the providing the real independence and high public authority of judiciary. The main issues were analyzed which preventing for real judiciary independence, for the main important of them are placed: the practice of unjustice adjudgment because of corruption factors; not enough high level of politico-legal culture of the judiciary establishment part; aspiration of representatives of other state authorities and certain political forces to influence for administration of justice; popularity of non-executions practice for judgments which came into legal force. ; Исследуется влияние принципа независимости судебной власти на судебное гарантирование базовых ценностей конституционного строя Украины. Рассматривается конституционно-правовой механизм реального обеспечения независимости судебной власти; изучаются проблемные аспекты обеспечения независимости судебной власти на современном этапе государственно-правового развития Украины. ; Досліджено вплив принципу незалежності судової влади на судове гарантування базових цінностей конституційного ладу України. Розглянуто конституційно-правовий механізм реального забезпечення незалежності судової влади; вивчено проблемні аспекти забезпечення незалежності судової влади на сучасному етапі державно-правового розвитку України.

Досліджено вплив принципу незалежності судової влади на судове гарантування базових цінностей конституційного ладу України. Розглянуто конституційно-правовий механізм реального забезпечення незалежності судової влади; вивчено проблемні аспекти забезпечення незалежності судової влади на сучасному етапі державно-правового розвитку України. ; Исследуется влияние принципа независимости судебной власти на судебное гарантирование базовых ценностей конституционного строя Украины. Рассматривается конституционно-правовой механизм реального обеспечения независимости судебной власти; изучаются проблемные аспекты обеспечения независимости судебной власти на современном этапе государственно-правового развития Украины. ; In the article in a consistent level researching the story behind, the process of global public perception valuable meaning of judicial independent idea, as well as stages of implementation of its idea in the function of direct Constitutional principle into organization and functioning the state mechanism of every modern democracy and legal-state. Pointed that realization of its important politico-legal idea in the society's and the state's real life is supported the proper constitutionally legal mechanism. Such mechanism usually means the integral system of statutory and regulatory as well as managerially institutional forms and recourses, which in aggregate provide social authority of judiciary, impartial justice in the form of fair and legally judgments, and indisputable and timely execution of it by all parties of public relationships free of its legal status and social status.In the article there is integrated analysis of legal framework and the system of the state and non-state institutions partial constitutionally legal mechanism of judiciary independence supporting as well as problem spheres of it's functionality on the modern stage of state-legal development of Ukraine. The conclusion is made that existence of statutory-regulatory regulation and institutional system totally are sufficient qualitative for the reaching the desired aim – the providing the real independence and high public authority of judiciary. The main issues were analyzed which preventing for real judiciary independence, for the main important of them are placed: the practice of unjustice adjudgment because of corruption factors; not enough high level of politico-legal culture of the judiciary establishment part; aspiration of representatives of other state authorities and certain political forces to influence for administration of justice; popularity of non-executions practice for judgments which came into legal force.

This issue's forum continues a lively discussion of Nigel Rapport's notion of 'cosmopolitan politesse' that was previously featured in these pages in the summer of 2018. Rapport has long proposed this sort of politesse as a 'form of virtue' and 'good manners' (2018: 93) premised on 'the ontological reality of human individuality', which in turn necessitates an 'interactional code' according to which we must presume both 'common humanity' but also 'distinct individuality' to the point where we 'classif[y] the Other in no more substantive fashion than this' (92). Given anthropology's history of intricately taxonomising humans according to various criteria, this is indeed a challenging proposal – all the more so in the context of legal anthropology, where being subject to specific norms and laws is often taken to be constitutive of distinctive subjectivities, sensibilities and survival strategies. In this issue, Don Gardner responds, directing his critical attention towards the notion of personhood undergirding Rapport's plea for a revitalised Kantian liberalism in an era of resurgent xenophobia and ethnonationalism. In the process, we see two accomplished scholars taking positions within (and consciously outside of) a whole range of classical debates in the Western philosophical cannon with pressing relevance for contemporary legal anthropology, from nature versus nurture to free will versus determinism, individualism versus collectivism and structure versus agency.

The article analyzes the status of cultural rights of internally displaced persons in Ukraine. The objective necessity of improving the quality and effectiveness of regulatory regulation in the context of the current situational space and underestimating the role of state institutions aimed at ensuring the urgent need to exercise their cultural rights by internally displaced persons have been determined. At the legislative level, the declared cultural rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons are not actually respected, and conflicts and loopholes in the current legislation continue to impede the full exercise of their constitutional rights and freedoms by internally displaced persons. The ordinary citizen of Ukraine and internally displaced persons has unequal access to state resources. Analysis of the observance of cultural rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons in Ukraine was conducted, and the emphasis was placed on the need to improve the interaction of state institutions in order to address the urgent need for the exercise of cultural rights by internally displaced persons. It is emphasized that Ukraine has been challenged, as well as other countries, which have been faced with forced displacement of persons within the country, to develop, refine and improve national legislation in order to protect internally displaced persons at all levels within the country and to comply with such protection to international standards. In order to qualitatively account and identify the cultural needs of internally displaced persons, copyright changes have been proposed to the order of administration of the Unified Information Database on Internally Displaced Persons and to enter the necessary information to account for and identify the educational needs of internally displaced persons and their children. The integration of Ukraine into the European Union requires a rethinking of this situation and the restoration of equal access for all citizens of Ukraine to their cultural rights, regardless of the status of "internally displaced person". In this context, the issue of guaranteeing the state the realization of cultural rights by internally displaced persons is of particular relevance in Ukraine. ; У статті проаналізовано стан забезпечення культурних прав внутрішньо переміщених осіб в Україні. Визначено об'єктивну необхідність підвищення якості й ефективності нормативно-правового регулювання в умовах сучасного ситуативного простору та недооцінку ролі державних інституцій, діяльність яких спрямована на забезпечення врегулювання нагальної потреби реалізації своїх культурних прав внутрішньо переміщеними особами. На законодавчому рівні декларовані культурні права та свободи внутрішньо переміщених осіб реально не дотримуються, колізії й прогалини в чинному законодавстві чинить перешкоди для повноцінної реалізації внутрішньо переміщеними особами своїх конституційних прав і свобод. Так, звичайний громадянин України та внутрішньо переміщені особи мають неоднаковий доступ до ресурсів держави. Проведено системний аналіз дотримання культурних прав і свобод внутрішньо переміщених осіб в Україні, а також акцентовано увагу на необхідності вдосконалення взаємодії державних інституцій з метою урегулювання нагальної потреби реалізації культурних прав внутрішньо переміщеними особами. Акцентовано, що перед Україною став виклик, як і перед іншими державами, котрі зіткнулися з вимушеним переселенням осіб у межах країни, розробити, доопрацювати й удосконалити національне законодавство з метою захисту внутрішньо переміщених осіб на всіх рівнях у межах країни та приведення до відповідності такого захисту міжнародним стандартам. З метою якісного обліку й виявлення культурних потреб внутрішньо переміщених осіб запропоновано авторські зміни до порядку адміністрування Єдиної інформаційної бази даних про внутрішньо переміщених осіб і внесення необхідної інформації для обліку та виявлення освітніх потреб внутрішньо переміщених осіб і їхніх дітей. Інтеграція України до Європейського Союзу вимагає переосмислення такої ситуації та відтворення рівного доступу всіх громадян України до своїх культурних прав, незважаючи на статус «внутрішньо переміщена особа». У цьому контексті в Україні особливої актуальності набуває питання гарантування державою реалізації культурних прав внутрішньо переміщеними особами.

1 sheet ([1] p.) ; Imprint from Wing. ; Annotation on Thomason copy: "may: 1649". ; Reproduction of the original in the British Library.

1 sheet ([1] p.) ; Imprint from Wing. ; Annotation on Thomason copy: "feb. 28 1647". ; Reproduction of the original in the British Library.

1 sheet ([1] p.) ; Reproduction of the original in the British Library.

Post-positivism presents a materialist, holist, monist, cognitivist theory of law and justice. It argues that positivism and natural law are complementary, not conflicting, and that normative inference (is-to-ought) can be a valid form of logical reasoning. These are two key breaks from 20th Century legal theory, which wrongly assumed that normative inferencing was logically flawed and consequently that positivism and natural law were logically contradictory. David Hume never rejected normative inferencing. Hume's counsel was that whoever wishes to make a normative inference must express their implicit premises. Normative propositions can be recast as logical conditionals and thus be used as premises of syllogisms. Laws are best understood as logical conditionals (if-then statements). Logic consists of two branches, theoretical rationality and practical reasoning. The inadequacy of binary logic to accurately describe law is seen in several logical paradoxes about law, which can be avoided by multivariate logic.

A fines de la década de 1870, el gobierno provincial, con el objeto de lograr mayor control social sobre la población rural, implementó una reestructuración policial en la campaña bonaerense. La misma tenía por objetivo afianzar la propiedad privada y contribuir al mercado de trabajo, asimismo perseguía un fuerte interés en satisfacer la necesidad del estado de hombres en plena etapa de expansión de la frontera. La presión reclutadora del estado se relejará en un aumento de detenidos por vagancia, dado que las leyes de represión de la vagancia del Código Rural permitían su penalización al servicio de las armas. El Código Rural sancionado en 1865 estipulaba dos normas procesales a cumplir en los acusados: formación de un sumario y constitución de un jury para su juzgamiento. Disposiciones que raramente se pusieron en práctica por los jueces de paz desde que esta legislación entró en vigencia. Será a fines de la década de 1870 cuando el gobierno exigirá más firmemente no solo la persecución de la vagancia sino también la aplicación de estas normas procesales en los acusados. Aún así, el análisis de la práctica judicial revelará que continuará que se intentaban afianzar, el trabajo y la propiedad. En los perjudiciales que atentaran contra estos dos valores, será en quienes se manipulará la normativa sancionada y se canalizará la presión reclutadora. ; At the end of the 1870 ́s decade the provincial government in order to achieve a better social control over the country population implemented a police re-estructuration on the bonaerense campaign. The same had the objective of ground the private property and contribute to the work market, at the same time it had a strong interest in satisfying the state necessity of man, as it was the highest expansion moment of the barrier. The enrolment pressure of the state will reflect in the increase of detained persons under the charge of laziness, given that the laws of laziness repression in the Rural Code allowed its penalization with military service. The Rural Code was sanctioned in 1865 and it stipulates two process norms regarding the legal treatment of the defender: a written inform called "sumario" and the constitution of a "jury" to his judgment. These dispositions were rarely put into practice by the peace judges since this legislation was sectioned. At the end of 1870 ́s decade the government will demand more firmly not only the prosecution of laziness but the application of the process norms to the defenders. Yet, the analysis of judicial practice reveals that a permanent manipulation of the norm kept its strength based on two values: work and property. On those who go against those values will fall the sanctioned norms and canalized the enlistment pressure. ; Fil: Sedeillan, Gisela. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Instituto de Estudios Histórico-Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil; Argentina

Статтю присвячено розкриттю суттєвих проблем становлення та нормативного регулювання корпоративних відносин у сучасних умовах. Проведено аналіз різних підходів до визначення понять "корпорація", "корпоративні відносини", наголошено на протиріччях законодавства та суспільних потреб щодо визначення цих понять. Автор прагне донести важливість розвивати, конкретизувати і розширити поняття "корпоративні відносини" на рівні юридичної науки і законодавства, що дасть суттєве підґрунтя укорінення цього поняття в системі інших суспільно-гуманітарних наук. ; Статья посвящена раскрытию существенных проблем становления и нормативного регулирования корпоративных отношений в современных условиях. Проведен анализ различных подходов к определению понятий "корпорація", "корпоративные отношения", сделан упор на противоречиях законодательства и общественных потребностей по определению этих понятий. Автор стремится донести важность развивать, конкретизировать и расширить понятие "корпоративные отношения" на уровне юридической науки и законодательства, что даст существенное основание укоренения этого понятия в системе других общественно-гуманитарных наук. ; The article is sanctified to opening of substantial problems of becoming and normative adjusting of corporate relations in modern terms. The analysis of the different going is conducted near determination of concepts "corporation", 'corporate relations", and support is done on contradictions of legislation and public to the necessities on determination of these concepts. An author aims to carry importance to develop, specify and extend a concept "Corporate relations" at the level of legal science and legislation, that will give the substantial founding of taking root of this concept in the system of other publicly-humanitarian sciences.As in the legislation of Ukraine determination of corporation is absent there are her different interpretations, from that determination of corporate law, corporate relations and corporate laws, corporate spores of and other depends straight, an author determines a corporate law as system of norms sent first of all to the internal ( and that influence on external ) complex adjusting of productive, organizational, administrative, mental and ethical, labour, contractual, financial, property and personally - unproperty and another relations, that arise up in the process of realization of economic activity (production of goods, providing of services, to implementation of works ) of enterprise, establishment, of organization regardless of pattern of ownership and legal form and that is set between all his participants and members (founders, labour collective, leader, structural departments and by subdivisions).

Статтю присвячено розкриттю суттєвих проблем становлення та нормативного регулювання корпоративних відносин у сучасних умовах. Проведено аналіз різних підходів до визначення понять "корпорація", "корпоративні відносини", наголошено на протиріччях законодавства та суспільних потреб щодо визначення цих понять. Автор прагне донести важливість розвивати, конкретизувати і розширити поняття "корпоративні відносини" на рівні юридичної науки і законодавства, що дасть суттєве підґрунтя укорінення цього поняття в системі інших суспільно-гуманітарних наук. ; Статья посвящена раскрытию существенных проблем становления и нормативного регулирования корпоративных отношений в современных условиях. Проведен анализ различных подходов к определению понятий "корпорація", "корпоративные отношения", сделан упор на противоречиях законодательства и общественных потребностей по определению этих понятий. Автор стремится донести важность развивать, конкретизировать и расширить понятие "корпоративные отношения" на уровне юридической науки и законодательства, что даст существенное основание укоренения этого понятия в системе других общественно-гуманитарных наук. ; The article is sanctified to opening of substantial problems of becoming and normative adjusting of corporate relations in modern terms. The analysis of the different going is conducted near determination of concepts "corporation", 'corporate relations", and support is done on contradictions of legislation and public to the necessities on determination of these concepts. An author aims to carry importance to develop, specify and extend a concept "Corporate relations" at the level of legal science and legislation, that will give the substantial founding of taking root of this concept in the system of other publicly-humanitarian sciences.As in the legislation of Ukraine determination of corporation is absent there are her different interpretations, from that determination of corporate law, corporate relations and corporate laws, corporate spores of and other depends straight, an author determines a corporate law as system of norms sent first of all to the internal ( and that influence on external ) complex adjusting of productive, organizational, administrative, mental and ethical, labour, contractual, financial, property and personally - unproperty and another relations, that arise up in the process of realization of economic activity (production of goods, providing of services, to implementation of works ) of enterprise, establishment, of organization regardless of pattern of ownership and legal form and that is set between all his participants and members (founders, labour collective, leader, structural departments and by subdivisions).

"Provides basic consumer health information about physical, cognitive, emotional, and sensory disabilities, along with facts about assistive technologies and other tools and services to foster independence, and guidance for families on educational, legal, and financial concerns. Includes index, glossary of related terms, and other resources"--