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ABSTRACTOver the last decades, global media debates and political discussions around climate change, environmental pollution and fossil fuel extraction have arisen vehemently. Anthropological attention to energy has therefore grown more explicit, thanks to studies conducted by a crop of scholars reflecting on various political, economic, and social issues related to the use and commercialization of hydrocarbon energy resources. In the wake of the recent Paris Agreement on climate change, researchers in "Energy Humanities" (Boyer and Szeman 2016) have grappled more deeply with the social, political and cultural dimensions of alternative types of energy (Günel 2018). For instance, scholars have investigated human and technological efforts towards the implementation of alternative forms of energy production from green design (Günel 2019; Rademacher 2017) to renewable energy sources (Argenti and Knight 2015; Rignall 2016) and clean technology (Dean 2020; Barber 2016; Love and Garwood 2011). In the meantime, anthropological analyses of electricity infrastructures and global notions of climate change expertise have also set the pace (Degani et al. 2020).

The coming decades will bring big changes in energy systems throughout the world. The systems are expected to change from central power plants producing electricity and maybe heat for the customers to a combination of central units and a variety ofdistributed units such as renewable energy technologies or fuel cells. Furthermore the following developments are expected: -closer link between supply and end-use -closer link between the various energy carriers distributed through grids such aselectricity, heat, natural gas and maybe hydrogen in the future -increased energy trade across national borders Risø Energy Report 4 is the fourth in a series of reports covering energy issues at global, regional and national levels. This report coversthe future of energy systems over the next 20–30 years. It deals with sustainable energy in general, but pays special attention to system aspects and the distribution of energy through grids such as those used for natural gas, electricity, districtheating and hydrogen. The focus is on industrialised countries, but the report also deals with specific points relevant to developing countries, such as isolated energy systems. The transport sector is discussed only in the context of its use of energysupplied through the various grids. Individual chapters of the report have been written by Risø staff members and leading Danish and international experts. The report is based on internationally recognised scientific material, and is fully referenced andrefereed by an international panel of independent experts. Information on current developments is taken from the most up-to-date and authoritative sources available. Our target groups are colleagues, collaborating partners, customers, fundingorganisations, the Danish government and international organisations including the European Union, the International Energy Agency and the United Nations.

The UK government has committed to achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2050. This will require a transformation of the housing sector as it has lagged previous emissions targets. Although millions of existing homes across the UK need energy improvements, the process of identifying suitable and eligible homes is presently a time-consuming task and energy suppliers are struggling to meet their targets. To address this challenge, this paper describes the application of a data-driven geographical information system-based approach to spatially identify suitable dwellings quickly and accurately by mapping and modelling baseline energy use and potential for energy retrofit measures, singularly and in combination. Drawing on publicly available datasets on housing and energy, combined with local datasets, a neighbourhood with high fuel poverty in Bicester (Oxfordshire, UK) was selected. The DECoRuM model was then used to estimate current energy use and potential for energy reduction on a house-by-house level. The improvement measures were aggregated to encourage bulk installations and drive down installation costs. House-level energy assessment in the selected area using DECoRuM shows that a package-based approach comprising building fabric and heating system upgrade and solar PVs is effective at significantly reducing energy consumption and energy bills, as well as fuel poverty. This spatially based urban energy modelling approach brings together energy calculations and spatial mapping to address the barriers to mass retrofit programmes. The data collected can also be used to build brokering services amongst those who need energy improvements (households) with those can provide retrofit measures (installers) and those can sponsor energy measures (energy suppliers).

Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.

Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.

Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.

Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WSN are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.

Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WSN application.

Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.