Suchergebnisse

AbstractAre increases in diverse media content meaningless if this additional content is ignored by the audience? If, in the end, consumption of diverse media is what matters, how should states shape policies to address the "empowered" user? Professor Valcke's article reviews the traditional approaches of the European Union and its Member States toward media diversity, which focused on sources and content with limited attention to media use. She argues that, without abandoning traditional measures, regulators must broaden their scope and consider how to promote use diversity. She sees the proposed European Pluralism Monitor as helpful in this regard and makes some suggestions for further regulatory improvements.

In June 2012 the European Commission received the backing of the member states to launch a visa liberalisation process with Turkey in exchange for a readmission agreement that obliges Ankara to take back illegal immigrants who passed through Turkey as a transit country. This is remarkable in view of the rejection by several member states of the perspective of a visa free travel for Turks. My process tracing analysis suggests that the key to explaining this development is the argumentative strength of the European Commission, stemming from the necessity to cooperate with Turkey on migration and the norms of procedures, set in previous readmission negotiations, as well as the coalition between the Commission and the Danish Council Presidency . The article further explores which conditions Turkey now needs to fulfil for the visa waiver of its citizens. Adapted from the source document.

El deporte en edad escolar tiene una función primordial en nuestra sociedad, gracias a él los niños y las niñas pueden introducirse en el ámbito de la práctica deportiva reglada y de competición. Por ello es importante que todas las personas, especialmente aquellas cuyas profesiones estén relacionadas con él, conozcan cual es la situación legislativa de la que goza actualmente. A través de la presente revisión bibliográfica se analizan los principales aspectos legislativos del deporte en edad escolar a nivel nacional y europeo. Todo ello mediante la revisión y el análisis de libros y artículos de diferentes autores jurídicos del ámbito deportivo, y más en concreto del ámbito del deporte en edad escolar. El resultado de todo el trabajo es un amplio análisis del tema, que proporcionará a los lectores los conocimientos básicos necesarios sobre esta materia en cuestión, para que luego, si lo desean, puedan profundizar más en ella llevando a cabo un estudio más detallado. La principal conclusión que se extrae del trabajo es que la presencia del deporte en edad escolar, a nivel legislativo, todavía es demasiado escasa, insuficiente y poco concreta, tanto en el ámbito nacional cómo en el europeo. ; The sport at school age plays a key role in our society, thanks to him the children can be introduced to the field of regulated sport and competition. Because of this is important that all people, especially those whose professions are related to sports, know what the legislative situation that currently has. Through this literature review we want to analyze the main legislative aspects of sport at school age at national and European level. All this by reviewing and analyzing books and articles from various legal writers in the field of sports, and more specifically in the field of sport at school age. The result of all the work is a thorough analysis of the issue, which will provide readers the necessary basic knowledge about this subject matter, so that later, if they wanted, they can go deeper into it conducting a more detailed study. The main conclusion from the study is that the presence of sport at school age, at legislative level is too low, insufficient and little concrete, both nationally and European level.

[Resumen] El deporte en edad escolar tiene una función primordial en nuestra sociedad, gracias a él los niños y las niñas pueden introducirse en el ámbito de la práctica deportiva reglada y de competición. Por ello es importante que todas las personas, especialmente aquellas cuyas profesiones estén relacionadas con él, conozcan cual es la situación legislativa de la que goza actualmente. A través de la presente revisión bibliográfica se analizan los principales aspectos legislativos del deporte en edad escolar a nivel nacional y europeo. Todo ello mediante la revisión y el análisis de libros y artículos de diferentes autores jurídicos del ámbito deportivo, y más en concreto del ámbito del deporte en edad escolar. El resultado de todo el trabajo es un amplio análisis del tema, que proporcionará a los lectores los conocimientos básicos necesarios sobre esta materia en cuestión, para que luego, si lo desean, puedan profundizar más en ella llevando a cabo un estudio más detallado. La principal conclusión que se extrae del trabajo es que la presencia del deporte en edad escolar, a nivel legislativo, todavía es demasiado escasa, insuficiente y poco concreta, tanto en el ámbito nacional cómo en el europeo ; [Abstract] The sport at school age plays a key role in our society, thanks to him the children can be introduced to the field of regulated sport and competition. Because of this is important that all people, especially those whose professions are related to sports, know what the legislative situation that currently has. Through this literature review we want to analyze the main legislative aspects of sport at school age at national and European level. All this by reviewing and analyzing books and articles from various legal writers in the field of sports, and more specifically in the field of sport at school age. The result of all the work is a thorough analysis of the issue, which will provide readers the necessary basic knowledge about this subject matter, so that later, if they wanted, they can go deeper into it conducting a more detailed study. The main conclusion from the study is that the presence of sport at school age, at legislative level is too low, insufficient and little concrete, both nationally and European level.

Background Prescribing of antidepressants varies widely between European countries despite no evidence of difference in the prevalence of affective disorders. Aims To investigate associations between the use of antidepressants, country-level spending on healthcare and country-level attitudes towards mental health problems. Method We used Eurobarometer 2010, a large general population survey from 27 European countries, to measure antidepressant use and regularity of use. We then analysed the associations with country-level spending on healthcare and country-level attitudes towards mental health problems. Results Higher country spending on healthcare was strongly associated with regular use of antidepressants. Beliefs that mentally ill people are 'dangerous' were associated with higher use, and beliefs that they 'never recover' or 'have themselves to blame' were associated with lower and less regular use of antidepressants. Conclusions Contextual factors, such as healthcare spending and public attitudes towards mental illness, may partly explain variations in antidepressant use and regular use of these medications.

A region's competitiveness is manifested in the commercial success or failure of its companies. In essence, improving competitiveness means increasing productivity. European competitiveness and productivity growth have been deeply linked to the ability to promote innovation and use new technologies that are capable of transforming productive sectors and companies. In recent years, however, European investments […]
La entrada Why the D9+ Group should provide stronger leadership in European digital policy se publicó primero en Elcano Royal Institute.

Two processes lead to a growing demand for internationally comparative studies in various disciplines: the successively advancing unification of Europe and the growing internationalisation of many problems in the European societies. Problems that make such work difficult are the availability of data, the comparability of data and, last but not least, the comparability of territorial units. Comparative European research uses mostly aggregate data; this means sums or means over certain areas. Within these areas the values normally show considerable disparities. There are, simplified, three levels of aggregation: national, regional and local. Theoretical considerations as well as empirical examples show, that analyses on the national level generally are not suitable to discover the main structures. European studies on a local level are almost impossible for practical reasons. Main issue in European research is the discovery of the main large-scale structures and disparities. These can be seen for the best on a regional level, somewhere between nation and municipality. The problem is, that most studies are dependent on data from official statistical sources and the regions are therefor given. The territorial units in the European countries were defined by differing criteria and vary widely in size and structure. The problem can't be solved, even if the regional level in each country is chosen carefully. Especially cities are treated different in the various regional systems. Some European cities are regions themselves, while others are only parts of larger units. This can lead to misleading results, because the urban-rural disparities, that exist in all countries, appear in different intensity. Anyway, the size of regions and the criteria for their delimitation can affect the results. This has to be considered in the conception of all comparative, regional studies as well as in the interpretation of their results.

EUROPEAN POLITICAL SCIENCE IS DIFFERENT FROM, NOT INFERIOR TO, THE AMERICAN VARIETY. AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE IS UNDOUBTEDLY MORE PROFESSIONALIZED AND, IN THIS SENSE, MAINTAINS MORE CONSISTENT STANDARDS THAN ITS EUROPEAN COUNTERPART. THE AMERICAN PROFESSION HAS CERTAINLY PRODUCED A GREATER VOLUME OF TOP-NOTCH RESEARCHERS, BUT THIS IS PRIMARILY A FUNCTION OF NUMBERS. IT IS DOUBTFUL WHETHER THE AVERAGE AMERICAN SCHOLAR IS MUCH DIFFERENT FROM THE AVERAGE EUROPEAN. AMERICAN STANDARDS HAVE NOT BECOME THE BENCHMARK FOR QUALITY POLITICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH CONDUCTED OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES, EITHER IN CONCEPTUAL OR METHODOLOGICAL TERMS.

INTRODUCTION: Europe is an important focus for compiling accurate and up-to-date world cancer statistics owing to its large share of the world's total cancer burden. This article presents incidence and mortality estimates for 25 major cancers across 40 individual countries within European areas and the European Union (EU-27) for the year 2020. METHODS: The estimated national incidence and mortality rates are based on statistical methodology previously applied and verified using the most recently collected incidence data from 151 population-based cancer registries, mortality data and 2020 population estimates. RESULTS: Estimates reveal 4 million new cases of cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) and 1.9 million cancer-related deaths. The most common cancers are: breast in women (530,000 cases), colorectum (520,000), lung (480,000) and prostate (470,000). These four cancers account for half the overall cancer burden in Europe. The most common causes of cancer deaths are: lung (380,000), colorectal (250,000), breast (140,000) and pancreatic (130,000) cancers. In EU-27, the estimated new cancer cases are approximately 1.4 million in males and 1.2 million in females, with over 710,000 estimated cancer deaths in males and 560,000 in females. CONCLUSION: The 2020 estimates provide a basis for establishing priorities in cancer-control measures across Europe. The long-established role of cancer registries in cancer surveillance and the evaluation of cancer control measures remain fundamental in formulating and adapting national cancer plans and pan-European health policies. Given the estimates are built on recorded data prior to the onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), they do not take into account the impact of the pandemic.

European biodiversity significantly depends on large-scale livestock systems with low input levels. In most countries forms of grazing are organized in permanent or seasonal cooperations (land-owner/land-user agents) and covers different landscape such as alpine areas, forest, grasslands, mires, and even arable land. Today, the existence of these structures is threatened due to changes in agricultural land use practices and erratic governmental policies. The present chapter investigates six low-input livestock systems of grassland management with varying degrees of arrangements in different European countries and landscapes. These large-scale grazing systems (LSGS) are reindeer husbandry in Northern Sapmi (Fennoscandia), sheep grazing in the Polish Tatra mountains, cattle grazing in the Swiss and German Alps, cattle, sheep, and pig grazing in Baixo Alentejo, Southern Portugal, and sedentary sheep grazing in Central Spain. These systems showed very heterogeneous organizational patterns in their way of exploiting the pastoral resources. At the same time, these LSGS showed at least some of the following weaknesses such as poor economic performance, social fragility, and structural shortcomings for proper grazing management. Lack of proper mobility of herds/flocks or accession to specific grazing grounds can be a cause of environmental hazards. The surveyed LSGS are mostly dependent on public handouts for survival, but successive policy schemes have only showed mixed effects and, in particular study areas, clear inconsistencies in their aim to stop the general declining trend of LSGS.

Argues that various forms of militancy, such as the actions of al-Qaeda, are informed by the same desire for agency and equality that animates other humanitarian interventions, such as environmentalism and pacifism.

The Indonesian military, with its tradition of secular nationalism, is one of the few institutions that cut across the divides of Indonesian society. As it continues to play a critical part in determining Indonesia?s future development, the military itself is undergoing profound change. The authors of this book explore the role of the military in politics and society since the fall of President Suharto in 1998. They examine key research issues that are central to the strategic interests of the United States in Asia: Will the Indonesian military be a constructive force supporting democratic pro

Most critical discussions of European immigration policies are centered around the concept of Fortress Europe and understand the concept of the border as a way of sealing off unwanted immigration movements. However, ethnographic studies such as our own multi-sited field research in South-east Europe clearly show that borders are daily being crossed by migrants. These findings point to the shortcomings of the Fortress metaphor. By bringing to the fore the agency of migrants in the conceptualization of borders, we propose to understand how borders are being shaped by taking as a starting point the struggles of mobility. Against the background of our two-year transdisciplinary research project TRANSIT MIGRATION European migration and border policies cannot be longer conceptualized as being simply oriented towards the prevention of migration. Since migrants cross the borders daily, what happens if the borders' permeability is part of the way they work? If so, we have to investigate the mechanisms of border policies and practices anew. One is the concept of the border or migration regime. The other is the concept of the autonomy of migration. Our concept of ethnographic regime analyses is based on a transdisciplinary approach, comprising political studies, anthropology and sociology.