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This book focuses on how Burmanization created and reinforced ethnic divides since the 1962 coup d'etat. when General Ne Win concentrated all authority in the Burmese speaking army. Background research for the book includes Burmese language materials from the Burmese Socialist Party (BSP) and others that describe with what the BSP believed in their own terms. This is unique from previous works on the topic which either simply pointed out that the policies "didn't work" and therefore are uninteresting, or to claim that they were "necessary" given the chaos of the previous regime. The authors agree that Ne Win's policies "didn't work." However, the book goes further by elaborating why Burmanization policies developed in the 1960s are important for understanding Burmese society today. Most importantly, Ne Win's ideology reflects how patterns of interethnic relationships in Myanmar lead to the "intractability" of the battles in early twenty-first century Myanmar

This book describes the path of women entrepreneurs who manage sustainable enterprises and delves into the issues they encounter and the steps they take to overcome these obstacles. It also addresses the scaffolding provided by liminal digital spaces to the sustainable business models run by women entrepreneurs

"Presents a novel history of America from the colonial period to the present which establishes government as an essential partner with the market system in building the country. Amidst growing 'antigovernment' rhetoric, this book shows how government has been, and remains, essential for achieving the country's fundamental political values"--

A visual and cultural history of hip hop, charting its meteoric rise from underground trailblazer to global tastemaker To tell the story of contemporary American culture is to tell the story of hip hop. From its humble, underground origins, hip hop transcended the confines of rap music and spread its influence across a broad spectrum of American life ? fashion, film, art, sports, politics, language ? to become a cultural movement of profound influence. Rapper?s Deluxe is a critical contribution to America?s cultural canon, shining a light on hip hop?s ability to redefine and influence culture, through: photographs; fine art; advertisements; book, magazine, and album covers; film stills; and more. Organized chronologically from the 1970s to the present, image-rich and dynamic layouts show the people, places, events, objects, outfits, and inspirations that redefined the world as we know it ? from fur-coated fans lining up for a Muhammad Ali fight at Madison Square Garden to a legendary party in the ?Boogie Down? Bronx, through the hoods of South Los Angeles and the trap houses of Atlanta to the extravagant red carpet looks of the Met Gala. Drawing on a broad range of curated examples, Dr. Todd Boyd re-examines hip hop?s legacy and how the genre remixes ?high? and ?low? culture, past and present, to come up with a style that is uniquely its own. Filled with original insights and clever wordplay, Rapper?s Deluxe is a tale of transformation, following hip hop?s arduous, but always triumphant, journey as it rose up to dominate the game. |A visual and cultural history of hip hop, charting its meteoric rise from underground trailblazer to global tastemaker| Dr. Todd Boyd is Price Chair for the Study of Race and Popular Culture and Professor of Cinema and Media Studies at USC. A media commentator, author, producer, and consultant, Dr. Boyd has appeared in documentaries such as The Last Dance (ESPN, 2020) and the Ken Burns-directed Muhammed Ali (PBS, 2021). His body of work includes seven books and his essays have appeared in the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and the Guardian