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We investigate under which conditions it is possible to infer the
evolution of poverty at the individual level from the knowledge of
poverty among households. Poverty measurement is approached by
the poverty orderings introduced by Foster and Shorrocks (1988). The
analysis is based on a reduced form of household bargaining (Peluso
and Trannoy, 2007) and provides results in terms of preservation of
poverty orderings. We point out the main analogies and differences
between inequality and poverty assessment, expressing them in terms
of empirically testable conditions. In particular, knowing the change
in poverty at the household level is not sufficient to deduce a similar
change in poverty at the individual level. We need to know the change
in the household income distributions far beyond their poverty line.
The focus axiom does not hold in this context.

Abstract Generally speaking, festivals are periods when celebrants sit back to count their blessings. They also use that period to interact with one another; caring and sharing. This study looks at festival as an instrument of poverty alleviation. It attempts a comparative analysis of the Passover Feast in Exodus 12 and some festivals in Niger Delta. It notes that festivals are celebrated to mark a phase in a peoples' history; as a way of political liberation or cultural rejuvenation. The study underlines the fact that poverty may be structurally or environmentally imposed and to eliminate this, festival serves as an indispensable tool. The paper adopts the comparative approach in analysis and concludes that a people can shake themselves away from poverty when they poll their resources together in celebration.

Abstract Generally speaking, festivals are periods when celebrants sit back to count their blessings. They also use that period to interact with one another; caring and sharing. This study looks at festival as an instrument of poverty alleviation. It attempts a comparative analysis of the Passover Feast in Exodus 12 and some festivals in Niger Delta. It notes that festivals are celebrated to mark a phase in a peoples' history; as a way of political liberation or cultural rejuvenation. The study underlines the fact that poverty may be structurally or environmentally imposed and to eliminate this, festival serves as an indispensable tool. The paper adopts the comparative approach in analysis and concludes that a people can shake themselves away from poverty when they poll their resources together in celebration.

This paper presents the overall status, characteristics, and policy framework of the housing sector and the initiatives towards energy efficiency in residential buildings in Belgium in order to assess the market demand for EuroPACE - an on-tax financing scheme for home retrofits. In fact, there are over 5 million residential buildings in Belgium. In 2015, the construction of new buildings represented 44% of the building stock, while renovated buildings accounted for 56%. Moreover, there is a high degree of transformation of old buildings - office buildings or commercial buildings - into residential dwellings. What is also important is that Belgium is a largely urbanised country, with over 83% of the population living in urban areas. Furthermore, 62% of the building stock was built before 1970, and only 41% of dwellings have wall insulation, 36% have fully double-glazed windows, and 58% have roof insulation. These poor insulation figures show that the need for the renovation of the building stock is high. What is more, energy prices are among the highest in the EU and 20% of Belgians are experiencing energy poverty. About 22% of the total energy consumption of the country comes from buildings. To push this renovation further, Belgium must overcome a few barriers - notably financial and technical - before achieving energy efficiency in residential buildings. Barriers related to lack of interest from the authorities are not as significant, as the country and its three regions (the Flemish Region - or Flanders, the Brussels-Capital Region, and the Walloon Region - or Wallonia), which are responsible for the development and implementation of housing and Energy efficiency policies, seem committed to implement initiatives for energy efficiency adapter to local conditions and challenges. For instance, financial support measures such as green certificates, housing bonuses, and renovation premiums aim at boosting energy efficiency in existing buildings. In order to achieve its main objective, this paper analyses the residential building stock (age, size, quality, value, ownership, amount, as well as practical details relative to housing), the characteristics of its users (household composition, income level, and division between urban/rural areas, among others), the characteristics of its energy spending and production (energy price, sources, building energy levels, and energy poverty, among others), as well as the different initiatives and policies implemented at the national and regional level to reduce energy consumption and encourage owners to invest in more energy efficient options when buying or renovating their dwelling. The conclusion of the paper presents a brief Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis of the housing sector in order to evaluate the feasibility of an on-tax financing scheme such as the one proposed by EuroPACE.

Using household surveys for 2008 and 2011, a multidimensional destitution measure is constructed for Pakistan's most populated province – Punjab. Using a non-monetary framework for dimensions of health, education and standard of living, the study paints a temporal picture of the extremely impoverished households in districts and towns, while highlighting the impact of the destructive 2010 floods. Results reveal the existence of pervasive destitution, with half of the multidimensionally poor households also identified as destitute. Destitution is higher for rural as compared to urban households, while the geography of destitution highlights its concentration in south-west Punjab, providing insights for targeted interventions.

AbstractMost driver's license suspensions in the State of Ohio are, in fact, not the result of being a bad driver. Rather, they are based on an unpaid debt. Known as debt-related suspensions (DRS), they create physical and financial barriers, disrupting the everyday lives of those impacted. Despite progress in limiting the practice, half of all states, including Ohio, still engage in the practice, and so research into the scale, scope, and implications of DRS takes on a heightened importance. This research focuses on three understudied dimensions of DRS. First, it adds to only a handful of statewide analyses by providing an accounting of the practice in Ohio from 2016 to 2020. Second, the analysis provides specific detail in terms of the financial implications of DRS across seven different DRS categories. Third, the research examines race, poverty, and other correlates of DRS in a regression framework. Findings show DRS in Ohio to be a problem of scale: In an average year, the state has over 3.2 million active DRS on 1.7 million Ohio drivers. They levy over $758 M in fees and costs, and drivers pay over $167 M. On average, the unpaid DRS debt is over $900 M annually, reaching over $1 billion in 2018, its peak year. DRS are overrepresented in Ohio's high poverty and high People of Color communities. Ohio's highest poverty ZIP Codes had 40 times the DRS compared to the lowest poverty ZIP Codes. Similarly, Ohio's ZIP Codes with the highest percent People of Color had more DRS than the lowest percent People of Color ZIP Codes—nearly 140 times more. Regression results reinforce these findings, indicating particularly severe impacts among Ohio's working poor and in communities of color. The burden of Ohio's debt-related suspensions rests disproportionately on the shoulders of these communities. These findings raise several questions about the state's policy and practice surrounding debt-related suspensions.

ABSTRACT: Foreign aid has been a critical instrument in addressing economic development and poverty reduction in many low-income countries. This article investigates the relationship between foreign aid, economic growth, and poverty reduction in Bolivia, shedding light on how various factors, including institutional quality, human capital, economic freedom, and the level of democracy influence the effectiveness of foreign aid. Employing smooth transition autoregressive models, the analysis highlights the intricate interplay between foreign aid, economic growth, and poverty reduction. The empirical findings provide evidence that foreign aid exerts a positive influence on both economic growth and poverty reduction, especially when aligned with investments in human capital and the enhancement of economic freedom. However, the revelations brought forth by this study challenge the conventional wisdom, revealing that these relationships are not linear. In emphasizing the nuanced nature of aid's impact on economic development and poverty reduction, this study contributes significantly to the ongoing discourse on foreign aid efficacy. It underscores the importance of tailoring aid interventions to the specific contextual intricacies of the recipient country. The interplay between foreign aid, institutional quality, human capital, economic freedom, and democratic governance makes clear that a tailored, context-specific approach is needed for foreign aid to have the best possible impact. If the case of Bolivia serves as a useful example for other developing nations, the principal recommendation emanating from these findings is that foreign aid must be carefully tailored to the unique needs and challenges of the recipient nation. A one-size-fits-all approach is insufficient in harnessing aid's full potential to foster sustainable economic growth and meaningful poverty reduction. The findings presented here serve not only as a contribution to the academic literature but also as a roadmap for policymakers and development practitioners navigating the complex terrain of foreign aid. By emphasizing the intricate dynamics of foreign aid and other important institutional, economic, and human capital factors, the empirical findings in this article advance the understanding of foreign aid's role as a catalyst for transformative change and set the stage for more targeted, effective interventions in the pursuit of economic development and poverty eradication.

Understand the social factors that challenge this fast-growing community!The Latino community will soon be the largest minority population in the United States. Although Hispanics have been part of the American scene since before independence, their issues have only recently drawn the attention of the mainstream. Latino Poverty in the New Century takes a clear look at the reasons why poverty and inequality are still major concerns for Hispanic citizens and residents. This keen analysis examines how apparently neutral, even well-meaning social and educational policies can have a devastating eff

AbstractThis article considers the relationship between poverty in Rangoon and the ways in which both an imperial and a post-imperial urbanism helped 'improve', develop, and reclaim Rangoon's urban environment. Examining the actions of the Rangoon Development Trust before and after the Second World War in the context of actions taken by the Bombay Improvement Trust, Bombay Development Directorate, Singapore Improvement Trust, and Hong Kong Housing Authority, it both analyses measures taken in Rangoon and constructs a connective history of urban development in relation to other Asian port cities. Incorporating documents released only in 2014 by the National Archives of Myanmar, this analysis for the first time considers interventions made in Rangoon's post-war built environment of poverty, connecting these actions to policies constructed over the preceding decades.

Comparative research on poverty, income inequality and the effectiveness of income transfer systems has flourished during the last two decades, largely owing to the contribution of the Luxembourg Income Study. So far, however, the majority of comparative analyses have been based on a single year. In this paper, we have analysed cross-national patterns of poverty and income inequality with special emphasis on their stability. We examine trends in poverty and income inequality between 1980 and 1995 in nine countries representing three different ideal types of social policy.The differences in poverty among the countries studied correspond with the respective models of social policy more clearly in the mid-1990s than they did 15 years earlier. Generally speaking, the poverty rate is slightly under 5 per cent in the Nordic countries, around 7.5 per cent in Central Europe, 10 per cent in Canada, 12.5 per cent in the UK, and as high as 17.5 per cent in the USA.In all countries included in the analysis, the primary distribution – based on market income – has become less equal than before. In each country, the proportion of the population able to achieve subsistence from the market alone has decreased continuously. This trend is more significant than the change in actual poverty, which means that the absolute poverty-alleviating impact of income redistribution systems became stronger in these countries during the period 1980–1995.The analysis of income inequality produced a similar picture. In comparison to poverty, however, the change is rather less extensive. The Nordic countries, in particular, have been able to respond to the rise in market income differences so that the income inequality for disposable incomes has hardly increased at all. Canada shows a parallel trend. The USA and, in particular, the UK reflect a movement in the opposite direction.Trends in poverty in various population groups are analysed. By 1995 poverty had turned into a risk for young adults in all the countries studied. The poverty rate increased for the 18–30 age-group in all countries, while an opposite trend was observed among the elderly, in particular those aged over 65. The poverty rate among the elderly is now below the average population rate in all the countries studied.

healthcare; politics; poverty; aid; development; Africa

The ADB Institute conducted a capacity-building seminar on the Role of Financial Intermediaries for Poverty Reduction in Singapore from 4 to 8 March 2002. The workshop was jointly conducted and sponsored by the Technical Cooperation Directorate (TCD), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), Singapore, the Colombo Plan Secretariat and the ADB Institute. The participants were middle- to senior-level officials of central banks and representatives from NGOs and the academia from Bangladesh, Cambodia, the People's Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam. Its primary objective was to provide a capacity-building opportunity to participants by strengthening their conceptual understanding of the evolving issues on the role of financial intermediaries for poverty reduction and sharpening their skills in this area. Presentations by prominent resource speakers expanded the participants' knowledge base on this highly topical development issue. The seminar also provided the participants a forum to exchange views on their own country specific issues relating to poverty reduction. The knowledge and skills the participants gained during the seminar is expected to help them improve the effectiveness of their work in their own countries, especially in the context of poverty alleviation.