Suchergebnisse

This article aims to provide a first-cut analysis of the causes of the initial COVID-19 outbreak as well as the subsequent political contestations in which the masses ended up rallying behind the party-state. While the Wuhan fiasco had everything to do with entrenched pathologies of the bureaucratic state, after Beijing took central command of the broader campaign its overriding priority was to contain the virus with a goal toward salvaging its legitimacy at home. To that end, Beijing unleashed its warrior diplomats to aggressively defend its handling of the pandemic, even to the detriment of its international image. Nevertheless, the strategy worked because the nationalist and populist backlash against the regime's foreign and domestic critics helped turn the public opinion around in its favor. (J Contemp China/GIGA)

This article explores Dudley Seers's efforts to reform international development during the 1960s and 1970s. In particular, it emphasizes Seers's criticisms of conventional economic metrics, such as Gross National Product (GNP), and his efforts to find alternative ways to measure and define developmental success. The article shows how Seers's research on measurement contributed to a growing set of reforms that shifted developmental goals away from national economic growth toward achieving a more equitable distribution of wealth, more meaningful and stable employment, and the provision of basic needs. In addition, the article reveals how Seers's work with the Institute for Development Studies reshaped the production of development knowledge. At the institute, Seers cultivated a multidisciplinary approach to development studies that linked economic, sociological, historical, and anthropological analysis and favored context-specific empirical research over schematic growth theories.

Nella causa C-248/16, Slowakische Republik (Repubblica slovacca) contro Achmea Bv, la Corte di Giustizia dell'Unione Europea ha statuito che le clausole arbitrali presenti nei Trattati Bilaterali di Investimento tra gli Stati Membri dell'Unione Europea sono precluse dal diritto dell'Unione. Tuttavia, negli ultimi due anni, i tribunali arbitrali investiti delle controversie in materia di investimento all'interno dell'UE hanno continuato ad affermare la propria giurisdizione. Nel presente elaborato, l'impatto della sentenza Achmea sull'arbitrato degli investimenti è analizzato nel contesto del dibattito sui processi di costituzionalizzazione al di fuori dello Stato, con riguardo, altresì, al ruolo della proliferazione delle giurisdizioni internazionali. A tal fine, la tesi si sofferma sulla cruciale importanza degli organi giudicanti nell'ordinamento internazionale e sul loro peso nel dibattito accademico. In particolare, il primo capitolo fornisce una preliminare panoramica della dottrina del Costituzionalismo Globale, introducendone i fondamenti concettuali rilevanti, ed analizza specificamente alcune ricostruzioni accademiche in questo ambito. Il secondo capitolo, invece, illustra le caratteristiche fondamentali della funzione giudiziaria internazionale, affrontando il rapporto tra il rapido aumento dei meccanismi di risoluzione delle controversie e la frammentazione dell'ordinamento giuridico internazionale. Il capitolo conclusivo è incentrato sull'arbitrato degli investimenti, con riguardo alle critiche mosse al sistema ISDS e alle ragioni per cui quest'ultimo può essere considerato un esempio paradigmatico di frammentazione. In particolare, sono prese in esame le questioni emerse nel contesto dell'arbitrato degli investimenti in ambito europeo e sono evidenziati i principali argomenti sollevati in merito all'incompatibilità di quest'ultimo con il diritto dell'Unione. Sono inoltre trattate le conclusioni della Corte di Giustizia nel caso Achmea, tenuto conto della prospettiva costituzionale di cui al primo capitolo. Infine, la parte conclusiva intende illustrare le reazioni delle principali parti interessate alla decisione. Segnatamente, l'ultima sezione del terzo capitolo dà conto degli argomenti addotti dai tribunali arbitrali allo scopo di restringere la portata della decisione della Corte. Sono inoltre tenuti in considerazione l'approccio dei tribunali nazionali, ancora in corso di evoluzione, nonché le recenti azioni intraprese dalla Commissione europea e dagli Stati Membri, con particolare riferimento all'Accordo per la risoluzione dei Trattati Bilaterali di Investimento tra Stati Membri del 5 Maggio 2020. ; In Case C-248/16, Slowakische Republik (Slovak Republic) v. Achmea Bv, the Court of Justice of the European Union held that arbitration clauses in intra-EU Bilateral Investment Treaties are precluded by EU law. However, arbitral tribunals deciding intra-EU investment disputes have continued to affirm their jurisdiction in the last two years. The thesis analyzes the impact of the Achmea judgment on intra-EU investment arbitration in the context of the discussion over constitutionalization's processes beyond the State, taking into account the role of the proliferation of international jurisdictions. To this end, it acknowledges the crucial importance of adjudicating bodies in the international legal order, with particular regard to their weight in the academic debate. In particular, the first chapter provides a preliminary overview of the doctrine of Global Constitutionalism, introducing its relevant conceptual foundations, and examines a few selected scholarly reconstructions. The second chapter illustrates the fundamental features of the international judicial function, addressing the interdependence between the rapid increase of dispute resolution mechanisms and the fragmentation of the international legal order. The last chapter focuses on investment arbitration, with special regard to the critical debate over the Investor-State Dispute Settlement system and the reasons why such alternative dispute resolution mechanism may be considered as a paradigmatic example of fragmentation. In particular, the chapter discusses the issues arising in the specific context of intra-EU investment arbitration, clarifying the main arguments concerning its incompatibility with EU law. Then, it presents the key findings of the CJEU in the Achmea case, taking into account the constitutionalization debate illustrated in the first chapter. Finally, the thesis offers an overview of the stakeholders' reactions to the decision. More precisely, the final section of the third chapter includes a summary of the arguments adopted by arbitral tribunals with the effect of restricting the scope of the CJEU's decision. It also describes the domestic courts' developing approach to the issues raised by the Achmea judgment and the recent actions undertaken by the European Commission and the Member States, including the Agreement for the Termination of intra-EU Bilateral Investment Treaties of 5 May 2020.

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to examine empirically the relationship between international quality certification, and information and communication technology (ICT) capability with the firm's export performance by considering the variables of the firm's innovation as a mediator. The data used in this research is derived from the Enterprise Survey from the World Bank involving total more than 4000 firms' respondents from four countries in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) including Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Vietnam. Analyzed using the Partial Least Square (PLS) technique, the findings show that both international quality certification and ICT capabilities, mediated by innovation, has a significant effect to export performance. The study's findings can help managers and policymakers in developing economies, particularly in ASEAN, improve their firms' export performance.

En 1959, les Nations Unies adoptent une Déclaration des droits de l'enfant. Il s'agit d'un traité controversé. En effet, travaillant à partir d'un texte des années 1920 et pris dans les tensions caractéristiques de la Guerre froide, ses auteurs successifs ne parviennent pas à harmoniser leurs objectifs. À partir de données archivistiques nouvelles et dans une perspective transnationale, cette contribution étudie les processus de genèse et d'institutionnalisation de cette Déclaration. Elle montre que l'instabilité du contexte post-1945 de même que les agendas parfois contraires des organisations internationales induisent l'adoption d'un traité fait de compromis controversés. Elle vise à illustrer l'idée que le consensus apparent autour des droits de l'enfant n'en est pas toujours un.

AbstractThis report describes the process used at the International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities Health Issues Special Interest Research Group's 2009 Roundtable to increase awareness of the importance of, and opportunities for, knowledge translation to improve the health of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) through international collaboration. The "knowledge‐to‐action cycle" (i.e., knowledge translation) formed the basis for the roundtable discussions. The thematic areas discussed included identification and reduction of disability in adults who also have epilepsy, obesity in children and adults, adapting health promotion materials and approaches, and policy and practice healthcare management—all related to individuals with ID. The topics were explored, extant information presented, and agreements reached for further work and collaborations in each of the topic areas. It was noted that the roundtable's use of the knowledge‐to‐action framework helped the participants focus on bringing together existing knowledge in ways that can meaningfully influence policy and practice. A pre‐workshop web‐based forum allowed participants to share information and recognize the need for synthesis and tool development. Multidisciplinary working groups that are international in scope can be useful in continuing to work toward increasing awareness of the knowledge‐to‐action cycle and promoting collaborative health research in the area of health and ID.