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The American professions took on their modern shape in the period between 1870 and 1920. After Jacksonian democracy had severely weakened the organizational structures of the professions, a series of interrelated reforms raised academic standards, improved professional schools, and standardized and strengthened licensing requirements.

The Palestine intifada (uprising), which erupted in Dec 1987, has created political turmoil in a good part of the Arab world, with worldwide repercussions. Among the questions addressed here is how the intifada generated such strong reactions from Arab regimes of such different ideologies & structures. The obvious answer is the symbolic significance of the Palestinian struggle, but that in itelf does not explain the enormity of the impact, & how it has been manifested. Based on a review of the literature, especially concerning the history of the Arab world, reasons for this impact are sought in characteristics of the various Arab states, the interrelation between the development of the modern system of Arab states & the Palestinian issue, & the historical place of Palestine in the Arab world. It is shown that more recently, the Arab states have, at least partially, insulated themselves from the transnational repercussions of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. 1 Table. J. W. Stanton

Global Citizenship Education gewinnt als pädagogisches Forschungs- und Praxisfeld international zunehmend an Bedeutung. Der Beitrag diskutiert Global Citizenship Education als transformative Bildung und thematisiert dabei die Begriffe Citizenship, Global Citizenship und demokratische Teilhabe. Global Citizenship Education wird verstanden als global orientierte politische Bildung, die ein historisch-selbstreflexives Element beinhaltet und die Perspektive des Post-Kolonialismus integriert. Abschließend wird die weitere kritische Auseinandersetzung von Global Citizenship Education mit ethischen Orientierungen als kulturelle Dimension von Transformationsprozessen angeregt. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Global Citizenship Education is an educational research and practice field with increasing international importance. This article discusses Global Citizenship Education as transformative learning, focusing on the terms citizenship, global citizenship and democratic participation. Global Citizenship Education is conceptualized as a globally oriented citizenship education which includes a historical, self-reflective element and integrates also the perspective of post-colonialism. To conclude, the further engagement of Global Citizenship Education in discussing ethical orientations as the cultural dimension of transformation processes is suggested. (DIPF/Orig.)

This authoritative collection brings together contributions from well-known international scholars which demonstrate how management education as practised in the U.S. and Western Europe needs to be changed to suit the socio-economic and political systems existing in developing and transitional countries. The papers present a hands-on approach. The geographical area covered is Russia and Eastern Central Europe, China and some other developing countries. The contributors are mostly faculty members in business schools around the world with wide experience in business.

This commentary asks some critical questions concerning the article "Management Education and the Base of the Pyramid" included in this special issue. Are "bottom of the pyramid" (BOP) multidisciplinary action project (MAP) students prepared to critically assess the impact of their interventions beyond a narrow definition of profit in complex and unfamiliar political and economic contexts? Are these projects exporting an appearance of wealth that is realized only for a small minority of those at the very top of the pyramid? Some reported examples of this pedagogy appear to be clear success stories, especially when the BOP approach is based on the BOP variant called the "BOP Protocol." With self-reflexive critical awareness, the positive potential of BOP MAP approaches to management education may be enhanced.