Suchergebnisse

The evolution of sanctions from comprehensive to targeted has favored the inclusion of for-profit actors in the policy process. Sanctions are used to deal with security challenges and while the role of for-profit actors in the provision of public goods has been investigated, less has been said about their role in the provision of security. This chapter investigates the role of for-profit actors in the implementation of sanctions. More specifically, this chapter suggests a typology of regulatory environments that facilitates explaining and understanding the behavior of for-profit actors in implementing targeted sanctions. By looking at the quality of instructions provided by state authorities and their capacity to monitor the implementation of such decisions, the chapter argues that overcompliance, uneven and lack of compliance are more likely in certain regulatory environments rather than in others. The theoretical framework is tested on the case study of the restrictive measures of the EU. The data for this research was collected through semi-opened interviews and focus groups held in Brussels from 2013 to 2015.

Introduction. Venturing to Find New Approaches to Heritage in Peril for the 21st Century -- Part I. Cultural Heritage Between Theory, the Past, and the Future -- Ruins as Cultural Heritage. Ethical and Aesthetic Considerations -- Finding the Intangible: Contested Cityscapes, Inclusive Cultural Heritage Determinations, Balancing Stakeholder Interests… Is Urban Property Law Up to the Challenge? -- Should Heritage be Preserved? Examining Contention Over Confederate Monument Removal -- Ruins and Heritages, the Great Mutation of China's Diplomacy in its Encounter with Europe in the 19th Century -- Cultural Heritage Law and NaturalCultural Paradigms within the Sustainable Development Discourse -- Adopting a Holistic Approach to Cultural and Natural Heritage Protection under the UNESCO World Heritage Convention -- Cultural Heritage and the Conservation and Insecurity Paradigms: International Law in the Pursuit of Social Cohesion -- NFT and Blockchain Technology for a Sustainable Future of Cultural Heritage -- The Virtual Museum: How Technology and Virtual Reality may Help Protect and Promote Cultural Heritage -- The Two Most Important 21st Century Disputes in Cultural Heritage Law -- Part II. Heritage Issues in Times of War and Conflict -- The Protection of Cultural Property in the Case of Armed Conflict: The State of Current and Future Developments in Military Doctrine -- Military Necessity as an Exception in the Context of Cultural Heritage Protection: Exploring the Role Played by the Proportionality Principle -- Cultural Heritage as a Neutral Party: The Role of Neutrality in the Protection of Cultural Heritage During Armed Conflict -- Mens Rea in International Criminal Law: A Look at Eichmann's Responsibility in the Light of Kant and Arendt -- Protecting Cultural Heritage in Times of War: A Study of the Gravity of Protection Rules vs the Weight of Violations -- To Break Their Will to Fight: The Weaponization of Heritage in Modern Irregular Warfare -- Heritage in War: International Criminal Responsibility for the Destruction of Cultural Heritage in Armed Conflict -- Destruction of Natural and Cultural Heritage during the Armed Conflicts: An International Law Perspective -- Facing Heritage Protection in Armed Conflicts, International Institutions and Civil Society -- Armed Non-State Actors and Cultural Heritage Protection under IHL -- Cultural Heritage and International Security through the role of ANSAs -- Part III. Heritage Issues in Times of Peace and Stability -- Law, Vague Legal Terms and Clothing as Everyday Culture -- Eat the Rich: A Rethinking of the Heritage-Crime-Development Nexus -- Mainstreaming Indigenous Peoples' Human Rights in the Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage: The Role and Issues Surrounding of Relevant Global Governance Actors -- The Legal Process of Transformation: Exploring the Interactive Relationship between Cultural Heritage and Geographical Indications (GIs) -- Gender, Traditional Cultural Expressions, and Intellectual Property: Exploring Women's Empowerment and Cultural Production in Zambia -- Folk Art and Stylized Folk Art from the Perspective of Intellectual Property Law. Analysis of the Example of Two Polish Folk Song and Dance Ensembles, 'Mazowsze' and 'Śląsk' -- Part IV. Heritage as a Right: From the Fight for Preserving the Past to the Questions of Restitution -- Shrouds of Silence: Dismantling of the Heritage Sites of Middle Eastern Minorities as de facto Erasure of History -- The Consequences of Violence against Women and Children in Armed Conflicts for their Intangible Cultural Heritage. A Diachronic Perspective of Universal Rights of Women -- Cultural Heritage: A Critical Element of the Right to Education and the Right to Identity of Children in Armed Conflict -- Legal Obstacles to Claims for Restitution of Cultural Objects Removed as Spoils of War -- Cultural Heritage Law in the Dock: Protecting Cultural Objects in Un-recognized States and Governments -- Cultural Treasures and their Place of Origin: Crimean Treasures return to Kyiv -- Performing Special Protection: Cultural Heritage in PostWar Kosovo -- Conclusions. Heritage in War and Peace -- Afterword. Return to the First Seminar: Protecting an Invaluable Heritage. The Egyptian Case.

In this study, in which it is aimed to evaluate the research findings of the processes affecting the insicam of the administrative order and mechanisms of educational institutions in the context of various variables, an approach to the subject will be shown from the point of view of students and teachers, which are the sine qua non of educational institutions. It is imperative that every individual in society learns the behaviors necessary to fulfill the behaviors of being a social being. In line with this purpose, it is possible for schools to provide people with the necessary behavioral forms by ensuring a certain order within the school boundaries. Every step within the school boundaries should be designed to protect the presence of students and teachers by considering their well-being. Because the only asset that is the main reason for the existence of schools is the direct existence of students. The management and functioning of the school is an important factor that determines positive learning environments within the school boundaries. In this case, the first way to achieve the desired behaviors in schools is to design and implement the relevant educational and training environment as a positive learning environment. The research was conducted by taking the opinions of three elementary, three middle and three secondary school principals working in different districts of Istanbul on disciplinary problems arising from teachers and students in schools and evaluating their ideas at the solution point. The universe of the research is limited to three managers working at different levels in different districts of Istanbul. Eight themes were created in the research. Themes created discipline problems for teachers and students separately; the causes of disciplinary problems were expressed as the solutions of disciplinary problems and the difficulties in solving disciplinary problems. Discipline problems caused by teachers are expressed as insufficient teachers' qualifications, communication problems with teachers and students; insufficient classroom management, late entry to class; psychological and physical violence applied to the student, indifference to the student. The causes of teachers' problems, which are a source of disciplinary problems within the school, are a very important issue. The categories related to the causes of disciplinary problems were expressed as lack of experience, cooling off from the profession, irresponsibility and social life responsibilities of the teacher, inability to manage the classroom, inability to master the field, avoidance of responsibility. It facilitates healthy communication between teachers and both students and parents in positive or negative events related to the school, discipline and order in the classroom. It is important for parents to learn what is happening inside the school and not to delay the intervention in order for the child to suffer the consequences of his behavior. According to the research findings, the student-related disciplinary problems encountered in elementary, middle and secondary schools were grouped under four categories as family, economic, environmental factors and friend relations. Disciplinary problems caused by teachers, on the other hand, were found to have characteristic features, environmental and economic problems. As solution suggestions, it was seen that suggestions such as determining the needs, providing support education, making the necessary arrangements within the school were developed. When the difficulties encountered in the implementation of solution proposals were examined, it was concluded that the opportunities that schools provide to solution providers, the responsibilities that cannot be fulfilled, the burnout experienced by teachers in this process, and the lack of vision experienced within the school cause difficulties in solving the process. Keywords: Educational Institutions, Administrative Order and Mechanisms, Research Findings

Purpose
Despite the end of conflict in 1995, Bosnia–Herzegovina still suffers from unresolved ethnic and social tensions, where fostering social cohesion, active citizenship and mitigating ethnonationalist tensions and politically motivated violence remains among the main goals to achieve transformative peace. This paper, based on quantitative analyses of 3,637 adult respondents, shows that the tendency of Bosnians to be active or violent citizens sometimes overlaps and are not very distinct patterns of behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that differentiate pathways and help explain (un)civil civic behaviours and inform the work of peace and development actors.


Design/methodology/approach
The paper is based on a quantitative household survey conducted with a representative sample of 3,637 adults in Bosnia and by using a wide range of statistical tools from scaling to correlation analysis. This data set measures factors and conceptual notions associated with passive, constructive and aggressive civic tendencies and social cohesion in a nuanced way by using different metrics and scales. The survey was designed and conducted by The Centre for Sustainable Peace and Democratic Development (SeeD) and the Bosnia–Herzegovina Resilience Initiative in 2020, in partnership with The United States Agency for International Development (USAID)/The Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI) and The International Organization for Migration (IOM) for the SCORE Bosnia–Herzegovina study (SeeD, 2020).


Findings
Overall, the factors that were discovered to be linked to the manifestation of constructive and aggressive civic tendencies are multidimensional, and range from intergroup relations (e.g. tension, tolerance) to political and civic attitudes (e.g. ethnonationalism, civic responsibility, gender equality), from individual traits (e.g. education, economic stress) to the media landscape (e.g. information consumption). While the empirical evidence shows that some of these factors can push citizens towards both active and violent civic behaviours simultaneously, this study identifies and distinguishes those that can reduce aggressive civic tendencies while increasing constructive civic tendencies.


Practical implications
This paper proposes a replicable approach and evidence-based conclusions which can help validate the theories of change for the peace and development actors to ensure that scarce peacebuilding resources are invested where the impact is greatest, and the actors can protect the sanctity of their responsibility to do no harm.


Social implications
This paper seeks to provide a robust empirical understanding for more effective policy-making and programming that can support Bosnia–Herzegovina's endogenous resilience against socio-political shocks and transformative peace trajectory. This paper seeks to demonstrate how peace and development actors can build and use an evidence-base for understanding civic behaviours and as a result formulate tailored efforts with greater likelihood of impact. This would help fulfil commitments towards sustainable development goals and the 2030 global agenda (UN General Assembly, 2015).


Originality/value
This study contributes insights to the emerging literature at the nexus of peacebuilding, individual skills/attitudes and civic behaviour. While the conclusions are highly contextual, the methodology is informed by multidisciplinary literature and is replicable in other post-conflict and non-conflict contexts, and thus can be used for cross-country comparisons and theory building around civic activism and constructive citizenship. The approach distinguishes between passive citizens, constructive activists, aggressive activists and purely violent citizens. This study discovers that the bifurcation is between passive citizens and active citizens, and although constructive and aggressive civic tendencies might be theorised to be contradictory, they overlap and tend to co-occur.

Governments, donors, international organizations, and (international) non-governmental organizations have turned to 'building resilience' as a response to political instability, armed conflict, terrorism, and large-scale refugee movements. The existing, multidisciplinary literature on resilience shows resilience to be, at its most basic level, a capacity to recover from adverse events. Security studies, which picked up on resilience from around the mid-2000s, found resilience to presuppose the inevitability of crises due to the complexity of today's world; to responsibilize those affected by crises; and to indicate states' inability to secure life, problematizing traditional, top-down modes of security governance. Yet, little is known about what resilience means in the context of (in)security, how it translates into practice, and what the implications are of this global 'turn to resilience'. The objective of this dissertation is to understand the significance and implications of the turn to resilience in the global context of governing (in)security, by analysing the use of the notion of resilience in policy and practice. It builds on an analysis of European Union policy documents in the area of security, humanitarian, and development, combined with 13 semi-structured interviews with resilience experts (researchers, policymakers) and 40 semi-structured interviews with 47 humanitarian and development professionals working under the banner of the Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey. First, security, humanitarian, and development policies, policymakers and practitioners seem to understand resilience, above all, in terms of self-reliance. It is the capacity to respond to crisis and recover from adversity – without external support. At the level of government, this means the development of crisis management capacities, whereas at the level of refugees and vulnerable host communities, resilience means ensuring their economic self-reliance through formal employment. Second, security, humanitarian, and development policies, policymakers and practitioners point to the importance of localization for 'building resilience'. At the national level, localization refers to national ownership and responsibility of the crisis response, whereas at the sub-national level, international actors use 'localization' to denote the ownership and responsibility of local civil society organisations. There are various structural barriers, however, that stymie localization, and policies lack awareness of "the local" as a diverse range of actors at different levels, with divergent and possibly conflicting interests. Third, security, humanitarian, and development policies, policymakers and practitioners emphasize the necessity to collaborate across policy siloes. The nature of contemporary crises necessitates a response where a wide variety of actors work together towards 'collective outcomes' on the basis of their complementarity. Breaking longstanding policy siloes is, however, no easy task. Fourth, security, humanitarian, and development policies frame refugees as an economic development opportunity for refugee-hosting countries. For the EU, this framing facilitates a strategy aimed at containing refugees in 'the region' and preventing onwards migration to EU Member States. A refugee containment strategy is, however, more likely to increase vulnerabilities and jeopardize what resilience capacities are present within communities and local institutions. For policymakers and practitioners, these findings point to the need to continuously and critically reflect on the interests and agendas that inform taken-for-granted interpretations of resilience, and whether 'resilience-building' programmes and related operational practices actually improve the ability of vulnerable individuals and social, economic, and political systems more broadly, to recover from crisis. The findings encourage resilience scholars to further the theoretical development of resilience as a governance rationality, investigate the normative implications of applying resilience in contexts of insecurity and (structural) violence; and more broadly, to study what is necessary for politics, policymaking, and governance to answer to, rather than avoid, emergent, complex life.

Ce travail de recherche se propose d'explorer les représentations fictionnelles de la vulnérabilité dans deux ouvrages britanniques contemporains : Remainder (2005) de Tom McCarthy et The Anatomy of a Soldier (2016) de Harry Parker. Il s'agira d'examiner les croisements génériques et thématiques au cœur de la représentation ou de l'exposition de la vulnérabilité dans ces deux œuvres. Le narrateur anonyme de Remainder et le soldat Tom Barnes dans Anatomy of a Soldier font l'expérience commune de la vulnérabilité à la suite d'accidents et de traumatismes d'ordre physique ou psychique. Les deux protagonistes peuvent être qualifiés de « héros blessés » ou wounded heroes qui interrogent la figure traditionnelle du héros souvent caractérisé par sa force physique, ses qualités morales ou son invulnérabilité. Tom Barnes et le narrateur anonyme doivent faire face à la vulnérabilité qui affecte leur intégrité physique mais remet également en question leur identité propre ; le choc et la violence des traumatismes subis plongent les protagonistes dans un état de vulnérabilité profonde qui a de lourdes conséquences sur leurs rapports à soi, à autrui et au monde. Il importera donc de proposer une analyse textuelle précise qui prêtera une attention particulière aux stratégies narratives présentes dans les deux œuvres du corpus et qui dévoilent la vulnérabilité des personnages. L'étude du langage, de la voix narrative, des silences, des non-dits ou de la polyphonie aura donc une place majeure dans ce travail. Nous nous efforcerons également d'étudier les contraintes et innovations génériques des deux romans qui s'inscrivent dans une tradition de récits vulnérables ou portant sur la vulnérabilité. Il s'agira d'identifier une forme spécifique du récit qui peut être qualifiée de « forme vulnérable » et qui est intrinsèquement liée à une poétique de la fragmentation. Nous tenterons de démontrer que la forme vulnérable n'a pas simplement une dimension esthétique mais actualise la représentation de la vulnérabilité à travers le reflet textuel d'une forme souvent morcelée ou fragmentée. Si la vulnérabilité affecte le rapport à soi, à l'identité d'un individu, nous chercherons à démontrer que la vulnérabilité affecte aussi les rapports à autrui. Nous verrons que les êtres humains sont tous vulnérables même si certains personnages de fiction tentent de le nier. L'identification d'une vulnérabilité ontologique fera apparaître une tension entre dépendance, voire interdépendance à autrui et volonté d'autonomie des protagonistes blessés. Cette tension majeure au cœur de la notion de vulnérabilité interroge l'attention que chacun peut ou doit porter à autrui ainsi que sa responsabilité envers d'autres individus qui constituent le corps social. L'étude de la vulnérabilité impose donc une réflexion éthique sur cette notion notamment en prêtant une attention particulière à l'éthique du care. Cette notion essentielle est difficilement traduisible en français mais elle implique un souci des autres, un soin porté à autrui. La vulnérabilité n'affecte pas les protagonistes du corpus à titre simplement individuel mais touche aussi tous ceux qui les entourent. Le corps physique meurtri des narrateurs se reflète dans le corps politique et interroge ainsi les fondements d'une société qui exclut trop souvent les personnes vulnérables. L'étude comparative de Remainder et The Anatomy of a Soldier fera également émerger différentes manières de refuser ou d'accepter, voire même de dépasser la vulnérabilité. Nous nous demanderons si le pouvoir de la fiction littéraire ne réside pas dans cette possibilité de représenter l'indéniable vulnérabilité ontologique en la rendant visible et en interrogeant la construction du corps politique.

Ce travail de recherche se propose d'explorer les représentations fictionnelles de la vulnérabilité dans deux ouvrages britanniques contemporains : Remainder (2005) de Tom McCarthy et The Anatomy of a Soldier (2016) de Harry Parker. Il s'agira d'examiner les croisements génériques et thématiques au cœur de la représentation ou de l'exposition de la vulnérabilité dans ces deux œuvres. Le narrateur anonyme de Remainder et le soldat Tom Barnes dans Anatomy of a Soldier font l'expérience commune de la vulnérabilité à la suite d'accidents et de traumatismes d'ordre physique ou psychique. Les deux protagonistes peuvent être qualifiés de « héros blessés » ou wounded heroes qui interrogent la figure traditionnelle du héros souvent caractérisé par sa force physique, ses qualités morales ou son invulnérabilité. Tom Barnes et le narrateur anonyme doivent faire face à la vulnérabilité qui affecte leur intégrité physique mais remet également en question leur identité propre ; le choc et la violence des traumatismes subis plongent les protagonistes dans un état de vulnérabilité profonde qui a de lourdes conséquences sur leurs rapports à soi, à autrui et au monde. Il importera donc de proposer une analyse textuelle précise qui prêtera une attention particulière aux stratégies narratives présentes dans les deux œuvres du corpus et qui dévoilent la vulnérabilité des personnages. L'étude du langage, de la voix narrative, des silences, des non-dits ou de la polyphonie aura donc une place majeure dans ce travail. Nous nous efforcerons également d'étudier les contraintes et innovations génériques des deux romans qui s'inscrivent dans une tradition de récits vulnérables ou portant sur la vulnérabilité. Il s'agira d'identifier une forme spécifique du récit qui peut être qualifiée de « forme vulnérable » et qui est intrinsèquement liée à une poétique de la fragmentation. Nous tenterons de démontrer que la forme vulnérable n'a pas simplement une dimension esthétique mais actualise la représentation de la vulnérabilité à travers le reflet textuel d'une forme souvent morcelée ou fragmentée. Si la vulnérabilité affecte le rapport à soi, à l'identité d'un individu, nous chercherons à démontrer que la vulnérabilité affecte aussi les rapports à autrui. Nous verrons que les êtres humains sont tous vulnérables même si certains personnages de fiction tentent de le nier. L'identification d'une vulnérabilité ontologique fera apparaître une tension entre dépendance, voire interdépendance à autrui et volonté d'autonomie des protagonistes blessés. Cette tension majeure au cœur de la notion de vulnérabilité interroge l'attention que chacun peut ou doit porter à autrui ainsi que sa responsabilité envers d'autres individus qui constituent le corps social. L'étude de la vulnérabilité impose donc une réflexion éthique sur cette notion notamment en prêtant une attention particulière à l'éthique du care. Cette notion essentielle est difficilement traduisible en français mais elle implique un souci des autres, un soin porté à autrui. La vulnérabilité n'affecte pas les protagonistes du corpus à titre simplement individuel mais touche aussi tous ceux qui les entourent. Le corps physique meurtri des narrateurs se reflète dans le corps politique et interroge ainsi les fondements d'une société qui exclut trop souvent les personnes vulnérables. L'étude comparative de Remainder et The Anatomy of a Soldier fera également émerger différentes manières de refuser ou d'accepter, voire même de dépasser la vulnérabilité. Nous nous demanderons si le pouvoir de la fiction littéraire ne réside pas dans cette possibilité de représenter l'indéniable vulnérabilité ontologique en la rendant visible et en interrogeant la construction du corps politique.

The work analyses the structural factors of greatest impact in the process of women's political participation in areas the authority of the public administration of Tabasco State. It is a mixed study in the framework of the theory of democracy and gender equality. A questionnaire was applied to an intentional non-probabilistic sample of ninety women in electoral posts and state and municipal management positions in Tabasco. The factors that hinder women's insertion into the political sphere are political violence and sexual harassment. One of the main personal structural factors that limit women's political and administrative participation is lack of experience in the exercise of power. Among the factors that relegate women's political participation is favoritism partisan towards male leaders. And, among the personal factors that favor women's participation in a different state and municipal policy spaces are management skills and autonomy of judgment, sensitivity and commitment to social issues, and transparency in management. These results help identify women's challenges in successfully competing in electoral scenarios and management appointments in the state and municipal public administration. ; El trabajo analiza los factores estructurales de mayor impacto en el proceso de la participación polí­tica de las mujeres en espacios de autoridad de la administración pública del Estado de Tabasco. Es un estudio mixto en el marco de la teorí­a de la democracia y la igualdad de género. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra intencional no probabilí­stica de noventa mujeres en puestos electorales y cargos directivos del Estado y municipios de Tabasco. Los factores que obstaculizan la inserción de las mujeres en la esfera polí­tica son: la violencia polí­tica y el acoso sexual. Uno de los principales factores estructurales personales que limitan la participación polí­tica y administrativa de las mujeres es: la falta de experiencia en el ejercicio del poder. Entre los factores que relegan la participación polí­tica de las mujeres se encuentra: favoritismo partidista hacia los lí­deres masculinos. Y, entre los factores personales que favorecen la participación de las mujeres en diferentes espacios polí­ticos estatales y municipales se encuentran: las habilidades directivas y autonomí­a de criterio, sensibilidad y compromiso por cuestiones sociales, y la transparencia en la gestión. Estos resultados coadyuvan a identificar los desafí­os de las mujeres para competir con éxito en escenarios electorales y en nombramientos directivos en la administración pública estatal y municipal. ; El trabajo analiza los factores estructurales de mayor impacto en el proceso de la participación polí­tica de las mujeres en espacios de autoridad de la administración pública del Estado de Tabasco. Es un estudio mixto en el marco de la teorí­a de la democracia y la igualdad de género. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra intencional no probabilí­stica de noventa mujeres en puestos electorales y cargos directivos del Estado y municipios de Tabasco. Los factores que obstaculizan la inserción de las mujeres en la esfera polí­tica son: la violencia polí­tica y el acoso sexual. Uno de los principales factores estructurales personales que limitan la participación polí­tica y administrativa de las mujeres es: la falta de experiencia en el ejercicio del poder. Entre los factores que relegan la participación polí­tica de las mujeres se encuentra: favoritismo partidista hacia los lí­deres masculinos. Y, entre los factores personales que favorecen la participación de las mujeres en diferentes espacios polí­ticos estatales y municipales se encuentran: las habilidades directivas y autonomí­a de criterio, sensibilidad y compromiso por cuestiones sociales, y la transparencia en la gestión. Estos resultados coadyuvan a identificar los desafí­os de las mujeres para competir con éxito en escenarios electorales y en nombramientos directivos en la administración pública estatal y municipal.

The work analyses the structural factors of greatest impact in the process of women's political participation in areas the authority of the public administration of Tabasco State. It is a mixed study in the framework of the theory of democracy and gender equality. A questionnaire was applied to an intentional non-probabilistic sample of ninety women in electoral posts and state and municipal management positions in Tabasco. The factors that hinder women's insertion into the political sphere are political violence and sexual harassment. One of the main personal structural factors that limit women's political and administrative participation is lack of experience in the exercise of power. Among the factors that relegate women's political participation is favoritism partisan towards male leaders. And, among the personal factors that favor women's participation in a different state and municipal policy spaces are management skills and autonomy of judgment, sensitivity and commitment to social issues, and transparency in management. These results help identify women's challenges in successfully competing in electoral scenarios and management appointments in the state and municipal public administration. ; El trabajo analiza los factores estructurales de mayor impacto en el proceso de la participación polí­tica de las mujeres en espacios de autoridad de la administración pública del Estado de Tabasco. Es un estudio mixto en el marco de la teorí­a de la democracia y la igualdad de género. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra intencional no probabilí­stica de noventa mujeres en puestos electorales y cargos directivos del Estado y municipios de Tabasco. Los factores que obstaculizan la inserción de las mujeres en la esfera polí­tica son: la violencia polí­tica y el acoso sexual. Uno de los principales factores estructurales personales que limitan la participación polí­tica y administrativa de las mujeres es: la falta de experiencia en el ejercicio del poder. Entre los factores que relegan la participación polí­tica de las mujeres se encuentra: favoritismo partidista hacia los lí­deres masculinos. Y, entre los factores personales que favorecen la participación de las mujeres en diferentes espacios polí­ticos estatales y municipales se encuentran: las habilidades directivas y autonomí­a de criterio, sensibilidad y compromiso por cuestiones sociales, y la transparencia en la gestión. Estos resultados coadyuvan a identificar los desafí­os de las mujeres para competir con éxito en escenarios electorales y en nombramientos directivos en la administración pública estatal y municipal. ; El trabajo analiza los factores estructurales de mayor impacto en el proceso de la participación polí­tica de las mujeres en espacios de autoridad de la administración pública del Estado de Tabasco. Es un estudio mixto en el marco de la teorí­a de la democracia y la igualdad de género. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra intencional no probabilí­stica de noventa mujeres en puestos electorales y cargos directivos del Estado y municipios de Tabasco. Los factores que obstaculizan la inserción de las mujeres en la esfera polí­tica son: la violencia polí­tica y el acoso sexual. Uno de los principales factores estructurales personales que limitan la participación polí­tica y administrativa de las mujeres es: la falta de experiencia en el ejercicio del poder. Entre los factores que relegan la participación polí­tica de las mujeres se encuentra: favoritismo partidista hacia los lí­deres masculinos. Y, entre los factores personales que favorecen la participación de las mujeres en diferentes espacios polí­ticos estatales y municipales se encuentran: las habilidades directivas y autonomí­a de criterio, sensibilidad y compromiso por cuestiones sociales, y la transparencia en la gestión. Estos resultados coadyuvan a identificar los desafí­os de las mujeres para competir con éxito en escenarios electorales y en nombramientos directivos en la administración pública estatal y municipal.

The article substantiates the need to activate criminological knowledge of the fundamental problem of the consequences of crime. It is emphasized that exploring the extent of the effects of crime is of both scientific and practical interest. The nature of the consequences, their parameters, levels of manifestation, the addressees of the cause, the "price" and other points are all mandatory considerations when designing a preventive effect on crime. The concept of consequences of crime of intangible content from the perspective of representatives of criminal law and criminological science is considered. Formulated author's definition of intangible consequences of crime as "generated by crime for the individual, society, state of consequences of undeclared nature, forms of manifestation of which cause mental (moral) harm to individuals, as well as non-pecuniary damage to legal entities of the public and private society". Given the nature of the harm caused, the intangible consequences of crime are proposed to be considered on an individual basis (post-traumatic and mental disorders of the victims of crime by individuals; damage to the business reputation of legal persons as a result of criminal behavior); public (fear of crime; addiction to crime; criminal subculture, etc.) and state ("crisis of confidence" in criminal justice bodies; diminishing international image of the state) levels. The analysis of the current legislation, the practice of law enforcement, the scientific literature for the purpose of clarifying the categorical apparatus, which indicates the negative consequences for the person of the unlawful behavior realized against him. Using theoretical knowledge in the field of criminology, legal psychology, medicine, criminal statistics data, the volume of intangible consequences for victims of sexual abuse of persons has been revealed. Using the data of the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine, the conclusion was confirmed that the predominant percentage of cases of use in the process of committing sexual torts of physical and (or) mental violence, respectively – causing the victims in the form of physical, moral or material harm. ; У статті обґрунтовується необхідність активізації кримінологічного пізнання фундаментальної пробле-ми наслідків злочинності. Наголошується на тому, що з'ясування масштабів прояву наслідків злочинності становить як науковий, так і суто практичний інтерес. Характер наслідків, їх параметри, рівні прояву, адре-сати спричинення, «ціна» та інші моменти підлягають обов'язковому врахуванню при розробці превентивно-го впливу на злочинність. Розглянуто поняття наслідків злочину немате-ріального змісту під кутом зору представників кри-мінально-правової та кримінологічної науки. Сфор-мульоване авторське визначення нематеріальних наслідків злочинності як «генерованих злочинністю для особистості, суспільства, держави наслідків не уре-чевленого характеру, формами прояву яких виступає спричинення психічної (моральної) шкоди індивідам, а також немайнової шкоди юридичним особам публіч-ного та приватного права, інститутам громадянсько-го суспільства, державі». З урахуванням характеру завданої шкоди нематеріальні наслідки злочинності пропонується розглядати на індивідуальному (пост-травматичні та душевні розлади потерпілих від злочи-нів фізичних осіб; шкода для ділової репутації юридич-них осіб внаслідок злочинної поведінки); суспільному (страх перед злочинністю; звикання до злочинності; кримінальна субкультура тощо) та державному («кри-за довіри» до органів кримінальної юстиції; зниження міжнародного іміджу держави) рівнях. Здійснено аналіз чинного законодавства, практи-ки правозастосування, наукової літератури на пред-мет з'ясування категоріального апарату, що позначає негативні для особи наслідки реалізованої щодо неї протиправної поведінки, які носять неуречевлений характер. З використанням теоретичних напрацювань у сфері кримінології, юридичної психології, медици-ни, даних кримінальної статистики розкрито обсяг не-матеріальних наслідків для потерпілих від сексуально-го насильства осіб.

La ricerca persegue l'obiettivo di formulare e rispondere ad alcune domande relative al ruolo e alle competenze professionali dell'operatore che lavora con richiedenti e titolari di protezione internazionale. L'interrogativo di fondo nasce sul campo grazie all'esperienza della ricercatrice come operatrice di accoglienza con l'Associazione Centro Astalli presso la Provincia Autonoma di Trento, che costituisce il caso empirico approfondito. L'osservazione partecipante ha fatto emergere la rilevanza che le scelte, ruoli e valori degli operatori assumono nell'influenzare il significato dell'accoglienza praticata e talora persino i percorsi d'integrazione dei soggetti beneficiari. Oltre all'osservazione, la ricerca si è avvalsa di interviste in profondità a 55 operatori - accompagnate da schede di rilevazione socio-anagrafica e auto-rappresentazioni fotografiche - e di due focus groups "di controllo" circa la percezione esterna al ruolo con 8 titolari di protezione internazionale. L'analisi ha cercato di far emergere i fattori che influenzano competenze ed aspettative reciproche di ruolo da parte dei vari tipi di operatore: a livello macro (gestione emergenziale, securitaria e frammentata del sistema), meso (eterogeneità delle associazioni nell'accoglienza), micro (disomogeneità delle prassi degli operatori e delle mission associative). La ricerca evidenzia la necessità di riflettere criticamente sulle comunità di pratiche e sulle (nuove) professionalità che si costruiscono e si intrecciano in un campo tanto importante quanto contraddittorio come quello dell'accoglienza. L'ipotesi di lavoro è che, grazie alle pratiche realizzate nel sistema trentino, chi vi opera abbia elaborato "grammatiche d'azione" che permettono margini di discrezionalità professionale (street level bureaucracy) che mano a mano sono condivise attraverso "contaminazioni" fra diverse associazioni facendo emergere istanze di rivendicazione professionale. Le "grammatiche d'azione" messe in atto si mostrano come micro-strategie quotidiane che (re)interpretano e (re)strutturano il mandato professionale, cercando di non rimanere schiacciati dai meccanismi strutturali e dalla rigidità istituzionale, ma sfruttando il proprio potere negoziale, discrezionale e inventivo. ; How does the Italian system for asylum seekers and refugees work? How do the intrinsic characteristics of the system affect the (new) professional figures involved? Are there any hidden grammars of action arising? This research subsumes and tries to move beyond the questions raised above. The purpose of the research is to reflect on the role social workers have as street-level bureaucrats, considering their discretional margin of actions and their consequences. The thesis, before proceeding to a more detailed analysis of the role of social workers as street-level bureaucrats, highlights the historical and political turning points of the Italian reception systems and clarifies in what sense the immigration issue has become a local matter. The case study is the Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy. This study adopts a qualitative research design, comprising of a diary field notes, 55 interviews with social workers, and two focus-groups with holders of an international protection. While working in a Temporary Reception Center, with the Association Centro Astalli, the researcher has observed how the different actions, ideals and roles of social workers significantly influence and shape the experiences of asylum seekers. Through a (re)politicization of their 'margins of action', the research recognizes the effects of the structural violence of the system through processes of depersonalization, ambiguous and containment practices but also highlights the possibility of effective forms of pro-active resilience through street-level margins of action of social workers. Therefore, the hypothesis of this research is that while local authorities have the greater discretion in reception system choices, a new form of street-level bureaucracy is developing through street-level practices of social workers. The research pursues to de-construct the complexity of the reception system, addressing both its grain lines and its deepest hubs, focusing on biographical experiences.

Teaching citizenship skills has become an important strategy for reducing social problems, such as violence and fostering positive responses, such as environmental protection and democratic participation, a responsibility that is taught within the school setting as a place for constant social interaction. This study attempts to identify the level of appropriation and implementation of citizenship and essential skills in the school curriculum of the Dominican Republic, thus, establishing a relationship between the Curricular Design for the First Cycle of High School (DC-PS) and what is proposed for Physical Education class. This is a qualitative study with data provided, individually and collectively, by teachers based on semi-structured interviews and discussion groups. The analysis was done through the ATLAS.ti program. An outline was designed which included the following emerging categories: degree of mastery of the implemented activities and student engagement with the community. The project was developed in 2019, in the city of Santo Domingo with an intentional non probabilistic sample of N=55 teachers. The study concluded that Physical Education teachers contribute to developing essential skills through sports and recreational activities as an added value executed in an unplanned manner. Yet, in the face of students experiencing behavioral difficulties, teachers are ready to resolve any issues in the best manner possible using their social and cultural training in contrast to what is stated in the DC-PS. A recommendation is for teaches to create teaching strategies to better organize activities for strengthening essential skills so that teaching criteria may be standardized and, thus implemented at educational institutions as well as involve the family and community. ; La formación en ciudadanía se ha convertido en una de las principales estrategias para disminuir los problemas sociales, tales como la violencia, el cuidado del medio ambiente y la participación democrática. Esta responsabilidad involucra a la escuela y su contexto como un espacio de interacción social. Con este trabajo se pretende identificar el nivel de apropiación e implementación de las competencias ciudadanas o fundamentales propuestas en el currículo de la República Dominicana y establecer una relación entre lo que manifiesta el Diseño Curricular - Primer Ciclo de Secundaria (DC-PS) y lo planteado en la clase de Educación Física. Este estudio es de tipo cualitativo, con datos suministrados por docentes, tanto de forma individual como en colectivo, por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos de discusión. El análisis se efectuó a través del programa ATLAS.ti. Se diseñó un esquema con las categorías emergentes: grado de dominio y actividades implementadas, y la participación de la comunidad que interactúa con del estudiantadoEl proyecto se desarrolló en el 2019, en la ciudad de Santo Domingo, en una N=55 docentes, por medio de un muestreo intencional no probabilístico. Con este estudio, se pudo concluir que el profesorado de Educación Física contribuyen a la formación en Competencias Fundamentales a través del desarrollo de las actividades lúdico deportivas; pero estas se plantean como un valor agregado de la actividad desarrollada y de forma no planificada; sin embargo, ante las dificultades de tipo comportamental, el cuerpo docente está presto a solucionarlas de la mejor manera, tomando como base su propia formación en valores sociales y culturales y no como lo manifiesta el DC-PS. Se recomienda crear estrategias pedagógicas que permitan al profesorado organizar actividades específicas para el fortalecimiento de las Competencias Fundamentales, que permita la unificación de los criterios entre docentes, y así ser implementadas en las instituciones educativas, al involucrar a la familia y la comunidad.

Hibridno ratovanje ne predstavlja nov i revolucionaran pristup u ostvarivanju političkih ciljeva. Navedeno je temeljna pretpostavka ove doktorske disertacije koja je potvrĎena kroz znanstveno istraţivanje i komparativnu analizu tri studije slučaja. Pokušaj stvaranja Velike Srbije, zbog činjenice da se relativno nedavno odvijao na teritoriju Republike Hrvatske, najrelevantniji je slučaj kada govorimo o aktualnim vanjskopolitičkim i obrambenim izazovima Republike Hrvatske. Izraelsko-libanonski rat iz 2006. godine smatra se oglednim primjerkom hibridnog rata izmeĎu drţavnog i nedrţavnog aktera. Rat Rusije i Ukrajine i aneksija Krima najrecentniji je primjer hibridnog rata izmeĎu dva drţavna aktera, i katalizator koji je aktualizirao pojam hibridnog rata, pokrenuo meĎunarodnu zajednicu i NATO savez da preispitaju svoj pristup suvremenom ratovanju. Ova disertacija temelji na se razmatranju ratova s vojnopolitičkog stajališta, a kombiniranjem tri teorijska okvira odabrano je 16 čimbenika koji karakteriziraju hibridnog aktera. Teorijskom analizom sve tri studije slučaja potvrĎeno je da hibridnom ratu prethodi period političkih, ideoloških ili sličnih neslaganja izmeĎu suprotstavljenih strana, tijekom kojeg hibridni akter nastoji širiti vlastiti narativ i otvoreno ili prikriveno provodi aktivnosti koje će mu dati prednost u ratu. Provedbom istraţivanja u tri rata testirana je prisutnost svakog pojedinog čimbenika hibridnog modela, a komparacijom rezultata utvrĎeno je da su odreĎeni čimbenici bili, u većoj ili manjoj mjeri, prisutni u sva tri rata. Unatoč činjenici da slučajevi pripadaju različitom geopolitičkom kontekstu, da su se odvijali u različitom vremenskom razdoblju i na različitoj zemljopisnoj lokaciji, prisutnost čimbenika u sva tri rata potvrĎuju pretpostavku da hibridni rat nije ništa novo. ; Hybrid warfare does not represent a new and revolutionary approach to the realization of political goals. This is the central hypothesis of this doctoral dissertation which has been tested by scientific research and comparative analysis of three post Cold War, geographically and chronically dispersed case studies. The first case study encompasses the initial attempt to create a Greater Serbia at the territorial expense of the Republic of Croatia which occurred in the early 1990's within the context of Yugoslavia's dissolution. The second case study details the Israeli - Hezbollah war of 2006 which is considered by many to be a textbook example of a state versus non-state actor conflict. Finally, the third case study analyzes the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine (including the Russian annexation of Crimea) which has popularized the term "hybrid warfare" and acted as a catalyst in initiating NATO re-examination of its approach to contemporary security threats. This dissertation analyzes the manifestation of hybrid war from a military and political perspective, and to characterize hybrid actors, it makes use of sixteen individual factors derived from three established theoretical frameworks. Theoretical analysis of the three case studies suggests that in all three cases open warfare was preceded by a period of political, ideological or other conflict between the opposing parties. In all instances, the hybrid actor made use of this period to promulgate its narrative, while at the same time covertly or overtly undertaking activities designed to ensure an advantage upon the onset of violence. The presence of each individual factor of the combined theoretical framework was determined through research, and a comparison of the results proves that certain characteristics are present, in varying degree, in all three conflicts. Despite occurring in different geopolitical circumstances, in different chronological periods, and in different geographical locations, the presence of hybrid factors in all three conflicts confirms the initial hypothesis that hybrid warfare is not a new phenomenon.

This paper presents a preliminary discussion of how male same-sex intimacies were understood and represented by the Ottoman state in the eighteenth century. The concept of the state is not a coherent and static natural object that the historians must focus their gaze on in order to discern a certain practice. Drawing on Paul Veyne's insightful reconsideration of Michel Foucault as the "completely positivist historian" of practice, relation, and exceptionality, I see the state itself as a mundane "objectivization" or a correlation of a certain determined practice that gives rise to its own corresponding object. My real concern, in other words, is with the relational, heterogeneous, and exceptional character of elaborate forms of practice or the multiple ways in which Ottoman men experienced their relationships and enacted their masculinities. This paper also aims to open up a space for queer others of the Ottoman past whose voices, I believe, have been lost in the midst of a series of broad diachronic divisions taken for granted by the long-range, constructionist histories of sexuality in the Ottoman and Arab-Islamic Middle East: the divisions between pre-modern sexual acts and modern sexual identities; between masculine, bearded adult men and effeminate, beardless boys; between the dominant male penetrator and the subordinate "female" penetrated; and between spiritual love and sexual lust. Elsewhere I have shown how such divisions naturalize what, in most cases, were either regulatory normative ideals imposed by medical, legal, and religious texts or representational strategies by which social commentators and writers of conduct literature reinforced an image for themselves of a self-restrained, moral manliness or simply literary tropes that were used to entertain an elite group of literate urban men of learning. Let it suffice to say that the entire demarcation of sexual acts from sexual identities is simply wrong. David Halperin's argument that nothing in Foucault's work "prohibits us from inquiring into the connections that premodern people may have made between specific sexual acts and the particular ethos, or sexual style, or sexual subjectivity, or those who performed them" is exceptionally useful here. In this paper, therefore, I will not get into the tired nominalist debate of whether the category of homosexuality can be applied to the pre-modern Middle East or not. I will approach male homosexuality as a dissident and productive practice, relation, and way of life in order to place it in a wider social, cultural, and economic context of masculinity, violence, and male friendship. Delice contributed this invited paper to the "Desiring and Deorienting the Middle East at Pembroke" lecture series at Cambridge University. The central concern of these seminar series is to look at contemporary Middle and Near East through unaccustomed angles, as an attempt to unfix the Eurocentric categories and narrow the epistemological gap by informing ourselves about seemingly less political aspects of the everyday life region. By starting a conversation about the region, the seminar series aim to use desire as a central theme. Desire enables a gripping discussion at multiple levels: gendered, political, social, and religious. Desire provides an ontological ground to normative makings of sexuality, while, it also expands our conceptual horizons about the Middle East where the public discourse is shaped through terms of yearning for change, transformation, and development in a variety of vocabularies that advocate for multiple ways of envisioning a better future. The seminar series are composed of bi-weekly events combining conversations with grass root activists, journalists, artists, filmmakers, along with seminars, workshops, film screenings and discussions with academic and non-academic experts.

In today's Ukrainian socio-economic conditions, the problem of social protection of the population is particularly relevant. An important place in the system of social support and assistance to those who need it is given to social services - state and public. The peculiarities of the work of social services depend on their intended purpose, the sphere of operation and the clients to whom they provide services. In particular, social work with families is a priority task for social service centers for young people involved in the implementation of state, sectoral, and regional programs for social work with children, youth and families. Women's social work is carried out by centers for working with women (state institutions that provide assistance to women who have experienced family violence or have other social problems), centers for homeless women. In recent years, the creation of a system of social adaptation of people who have been released from places of imprisonment has begun in Ukraine. At the legislative level, the idea of creating centers for social adaptation, houses for the night or temporary stay of released persons was supported. Public social services operating in the social sphere of Ukraine are charitable organizations or charitable foundations, credit unions, religious organizations, private organizations. The system of social social services can include both targeted at employees and members of their families social programs of business structures, enterprises, sponsorship and philanthropy. In general, the state is interested in effective cooperation with social social services, since most non-governmental organizations are created to solve the same problems as state agencies deal with (care for the poor, sick, socially disadvantaged citizens, etc.). At the same time, public social services are much more successful and less financially costly than state institutions. Consequently, social services are the main provider of social services; their task is to ensure the availability and quality of basic services in accordance with the needs of the population, to promote the quality of life of people. ; У сучасних українських соціально-економічних умовах проблема соціального захисту населення є особливо актуальною. Важливе місце в системі соціальної підтримки й допомоги тим, хто цього потребує, відводиться соціальним службам – державним та громадським. Особливості роботи соціальних служб залежать від їх цільового призначення, сфери функціонування і клієнтів, яким вони надають послуги. Зокрема, соціальна робота з сім'ями є пріоритетним завданням для центрів соціальних служб для молоді, які беруть участь у реалізації державних, галузевих, регіональних програм соціальної роботи з дітьми, молоддю та сім'ями. Соціальну роботу з жінками здійснюють центри по роботі з жінками (державні заклади, що надають допомогу жінкам, які зазнали насилля в сім'ї або мають інші соціальні проблеми), центри бездомних жінок. Останніми роками в Україні розпочато створення системи соціальної адаптації людей, які звільнилися з місць позбавлення волі. На законодавчому рівні знайшла підтримку ідея створення центрів соціальної адаптації, будинків нічного або тимчасового перебування звільнених осіб. Громадські соціальні служби, що діють у соціальній сфері України, – це благодійні організації або благодійні фонди, кредитні спілки, релігійні організації, приватні організації. До системи громадських соціальних послуг можна віднести і зорієнтовані на співробітників та членів їхніх сімей соціальні програми бізнес-структур, підприємств, спонсорство і благодійництво. Загалом, держава зацікавлена в ефективній співпраці з громадськими соціальними службами, оскільки більшість недержавних організацій створені для вирішення тих же завдань, з якими мають справу державні органи (турбота про малозабезпечених, хворих, соціально неблагополучних громадян і т. д.). При цьому, громадські соціальні служби діють значно успішніше й менше фінансово затратно, ніж державні установи. Отже, соціальні служби є головним постачальником соціальних послуг, їх завдання – забезпечити доступність і якість основних послуг відповідно до потреб населення, сприяти підвищенню якості життя людей.