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The state makes law. But the state is also subject to law in two realms: international law and constitutional law. But how in the international realm can law be enforced against powerful states in the absence of a super-state standing above them? How far can moral and legal frameworks developed around ordinary persons be extended to apply to personified Leviathans? The book argues that these kinds of questions are equally applicable to the second major regime of law for states, constitutional law. By assimilating constitutional and international law as parallel projects of imposing law upon the state, this book brings focus to the concept of "law for Leviathan" as a distinctive legal form.

Non-state actors have always been treated with ambivalence in the works of international law. While their empirical existence is widely acknowledged and their impact and influence uncontested, non-state actors are still not in the centre of international legal research. The idea that non-state actors are not law-makers, however, stands in sharp contrast with the growing notion of non-state actors as law-takers. This book examines the position of non-state actors in international law as law-makers and law-takers and questions whether these different positions can or should be separated from each other. Each contribution reveals both the political and normative aspects of the question as well as the positivistic possibilities and constraints to accommodate non-state actors as law-takers and law-makers in the contemporary international legal system. Altogether, each expert reveals that the position of non-state actors in international law is not a fixed one but changes with the functional and theoretical perspectives of the observer. Non-State Actor Dynamics in International Law is a welcomed addition to an under researched field of legal study. An indispensable read to scholars and policy makers wishing to gain new insights into general discourse on non-state actors in international law and the process of norm formation in the international realm. -- Back cover.

The Virginia Law Review is a scholarly journal devoted to legal and law-related issues of interest to judges, practitioners, teachers, legislators, students, and others interested in the law. The Review also publishes articles on interrelated subjects of more general concern, ranging from economics and finance to sociology and psychology. ; The Virginia Law Review is a scholarly journal devoted to legal and law-related issues of interest to judges, practitioners, teachers, legislators, students, and others interested in the law. The Review also publishes articles on interrelated subjects of more general concern, ranging from economics and finance to sociology and psychology. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Vols. 1 (1913)-8 (1922) in v. 8; vols. 1 (1913)-20 (1934). 1 v.

Law teachers and researchers are inveterate seekers of metaphors. The metaphor, even if glib and obvious, invariably suggests further parallels and relationships, the conjoinder of phenomena. This is the road to uncovering unsuspected linkages and building simple descriptive models. Theory building, in administrative law as elsewhere, begins with the capture and expression of the convincing metaphor. Extracting metaphors from the natural sciences to account for social happenings begins with a figure of speech and often ends there. Legislatures now are squeezing fat out of administrative agencies, an apt biological picture of a weight watcher's rigor being imposed on flabby, middle-aged institutions. Some agencies are considered senile (the ICC), others appeared on this planet stillborn (the Department of Energy), still others are going through an identity crisis or are in hibernation (the EPA). Yet others survive by establishing parasitic or symbiotic relationships with supporting institutions. Is the Corps of Engineers a leech or a virus? Those water projects are buried so deeply in the body politic that the Reagan cutbacks cannot reach them; they are cancers immune from cosmetic surgery. And so on. We draw our metaphors from horticulture: a little pruning here will concentrate growth over there. From navigation: "midcourse corrections" (the Clean Air and Water Acts), "fogbound and foundering." From paleontology: the dinosaur (the Bureau of Land Management) is ill-suited to survival under contemporary conditions. The important step, of course, is to move beyond the mere figure of speech to the convincing metaphor that has some explanatory and organizing persuasiveness.

Introduction -- The comparative legal method -- Common law and civil law -- Mapping the world's legal systems -- The diffusion of legal traditions -- Postmodern comparative law -- Socio-legal comparative law -- Numerical comparative law -- Empirical comparative law -- Legal transplants and convergence -- Comparative regional and international law -- From transnational law to global law -- Comparative law and development -- Implicit comparative law -- Reflections and outlook.