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THE ARTICLE EXAMINES THE IN-OFFICE COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGIES OF MODERN PRESIDENTS FROM FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT TO RONALD REAGAN. IN DESCRIBING FOUR DIFFERENT INFORMATION STRATEGIES, AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO INDICATE WHY A PARTICULAR CHIEF EXECUTIVE MIGHT CHOOSE ONE APPROACH OVER ANOTHER. MODERN PRESIDENTS HAVE UTILIZED THREE MANIFEST STRATEGIES IN COMMUNICATING WITH THE PRESS AND THE PUBLIC. A PRESIDENT LIKE JOHN KENNEDY RELIED HEAVILY ON A NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY, WHILE RICHARD NIXON FAVORED A LOCAL COMMUNICATIONS APPROACH. ALL MODERN EXECUTIVES HAVE USED A DIRECT COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY IN CRISIS SITUATIONS TO INFORM THE PUBLIC AND THE PRESS OF THE SITUATIONS AND THEIR POLICIES DURING AN EMERGENCY PERIOD. A FOURTH COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY THAT THE WHITE HOUSE CANNOT CONTROL HAS ALSO OPERATED IN THE MODERN PRESIDENTIAL ERA, AND THIS LATENT STRATEGY HAS EFFECTED LIBERAL, ACTIVE EXECUTIVES AND CONSERVATIVE, PASSIVE PRESIDENTS IN A DIFFERENT WAY.

FOUR NATIONAL NEWS AGENCIES IN SCANDINAVIA ARE REAGARDED AS VERY IMPORTANT GATE-KEEPERS IN THE NEWS FLOW TO THESE COUNTRIES. THEY ARE HERE ANALYZED IN THEIR ROLES AS GATE-KEEPERS. INPUT AND OUTPUT NEWS IS CONTENT ANALYZED AND THE AGENCY JOURNALISTS QUESTIONED. THE EDITORIAL STAFFS SHOW GREAT SIMILARITY IN ASSESSING THE INTERNATIONAL NEWS PRODUCER. THEY ARE MAINLY SATISFIED WITH THE INPUT NEWS.

The modes of perception and the social experiences which make the public space are linked between them and are produced by the mediating instances. These instances may adopt the most different natures and features, some of them constitute this public space, some other are moving through it, using it as a vehicle. Presently a great number of these processes of mediation are formed through the mass communication media, and that is why an important number of studies are referring to the existence of a mediated public space. This mediation has some particular and heterogeneous features depending on the type of the subjects and the dynamics mobilized by them. One of these possible mediating processes is analyzed in this text: the expert meditating process developed by NGO's (Non Governmental Organizations of Development) ; Los modos de percepción y las experiencias sociales que configuran el espacio público político están producidos y ligados entre sí a través de instancias de mediación. Estas instancias pueden adoptar naturalezas y características muy diversas, algunas son constitutivas de ese espacio público, otras se movilizan a través de él, utilizándolo como vehículo. Actualmente, muchos de estos procesos de mediación se constituyen a través de los medios de comunicación de masas, por lo que muchos estudios se refieren a la existencia de un espacio público mediatizado. Esta mediatización adquiere características particulares y heterogéneas según el tipo de sujetos y dinámicas que movilice. Una de las mediatizaciones posibles es la que analizaremos en este trabajo: la mediación experta que desarrollan las ONGD (Organizaciones No Gubernamentales de Desarrollo). ; Les modalités de la perception et les expériences sociales que configure l'espace public sont liées entre eux mêmes et sont produits à travers des instances de médiation. Ces instances peuvent adopter les plus divers natures et caractères, quelques unes sont constitutives de cet espace public, d'autres se mobilisent à travers lui, en l'utilisant comme véhicule. Dans l'actualité beaucoup de ces procès de médiation se constituent à travers les média de la communication de masse, c' est pourquoi un nombre important des études font référence à l'existence d'un espace publique médiatisé. Cette médiatisation acquière des caractéristiques particulières et hétérogènes selon le type des sujets et les dynamiques que mobilise. Une de ces médiatisations possibles est analysée dans ce travail: la médiation experte que développent les ONG (organisations non gouvernementales de développement).

The recognition of the right to communicate in some Latin American countries has helped to achieve one of the demands that different agencies and international actors have positioned from the sixties as a strategic element related to the plurality and the democratic quality of societies. From an intersectional perspective, access to the right to communication from the new legislative frameworks in the region is an opportunity to dispute senses by those historically excluded from the mass media populations, such as indigenous and afrodescendant women. This article describes the right to communication as related to the construction of citizenship element, empowerment and social change is located, from the experience of two groups of afrodescendant and indigenous women in community radio stations of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Ecuador. Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 149, 2017: 171-197 ; El reconocimiento del derecho a la comunicación en algunos países de América Latina ha permitido alcanzar una de las demandas que distintos organismos y actores internacionales han posicionado desde la década de los sesenta como un elemento estratégico relacionado con la pluralidad y la calidad democrática de las sociedades. Desde una perspectiva interseccional, el acceso al derecho a la comunicación a partir de los nuevos marcos legislativos en la región supone una oportunidad para la disputa de sentidos por parte de aquellas poblaciones históricamente excluidas de los medios de masas, como es el caso de las mujeres afrodescendientes e indígenas. En este artículo se sitúa el derecho a la comunicación como elemento relacionado con la construcción de ciudadanía, el empoderamiento y el cambio social, a partir de la experiencia de dos grupos de mujeres afrodescendientes e indígenas en emisoras de radios comunitarias de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela y de Ecuador.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 149, 2017: 171-197

Abstract, crisis communication is a situation that may cause effects on the company's sustainability business operations; the treatment at every stage of the crisis will minimize the negative public reaction against the company. This paper reviews the crisis of BP Oil Company that had a leak in the Gulf of Mexico that resulted in the spill along the coast a few U.S. states that threaten ecosystems and marine life, tourism businesses and the livelihoods of fishermen population around the spill from the perspective of public relations. Communication crisis began when BP made a number of controversial statements to the public through the mass media which resulted negatives responses from the Government of the United States, communities around the spill, a shareholder in the stock, and environmental activists. BP responsed this negative public reaction is generated through a crisis communication in the form of lobbying to the Government of the United States and key stakeholders as well as the handling of campaign messages through social media networking and mass media.Keywords: Communication Disaster, Public Relations, Communication CrisisAbstrak, krisis komunikasi merupakan sebuah situasi yang dapat menimbulkan efekberkelanjutan operasional bisnis perusahaan pada masa yang akan datang, perlakuan dalamtiap tahapan krisis akan membantu meminimalisir reaksi negatif publik terhadapperusahaan. Tulisan ini memaparkan tinjauan krisis dari perspektif public relations terhadapperusahaan minyak BP yang mengalami kebocoran di Teluk Meksiko yang mengakibatkantumpahan di sepanjang pesisir pantai beberapa negara bagian Amerika Serikat yangmengancam ekosistem dan biota laut, bisnis pariwisata, dan mata pencaharian nelayanpenduduk sekitar tumpahan. Krisis komunikasi BP dimulai ketika sejumlah pernyataankontroversial disampaikan kepada publik melalui sejumlah media massa yangmengakibatkan reaksi negatif dari Pemerintah Amerika Serikat, komunitas sekitartumpahan, pemegang saham di bursa, dan aktivis lingkungan. Respon BP terhadap reaksinegatif publik tersebut dimunculkan melalui komunikasi krisis dalam bentuk upaya lobikepada Pemerintah Amerika Serikat dan pemegang saham kunci serta kampanye pesanpenanganan melalui jejaring media sosial dan media massa.Kata Kunci : Bencana Komunikasi, Public Relations, Komunikasi Krisis