Suchergebnisse

Some points made by authors addressing themselves to theories of changes in sex roles are first summarized, the economic character of their ultimate explanations being noted. The assumption is stressed that the modes and extent of sex differentiation are more resultants than determiners of social change, although gender differentiation contributes to the maintenance of given social orders. The second and main part of the article contains theoretical considerations about the consequences of social changes for the extent and modes of sex differentiation. The needs of the economic system with respect to labor and consumption are seen as promoting a change from traditional sex roles to quasi-egalitarianism, and mechanisms for masking of sex differentiation are discussed. A certain contradiction betwen covert sex differentiation at large and strong awareness in limited groups is pointed out. The author describes certain shifts in the maintenance of sex roles and other characteristics accompanying the main changes. Finally, some reflections on the question of strategies for sex role changes are offered.

Some points made by authors addressing themselves to theories of changes in sex roles are first summarized, the economic character of their ultimate explanations being noted. The assumption is stressed that the modes and extent of sex differentiation are more resultants than determiners of social change, although gender differentiation contributes to the maintenance of given social orders. The second and main part of the article contains theoretical considerations about the consequences of social changes for the extent and modes of sex differentiation. The needs of the economic system with respect to labor and consumption are seen as promoting a change from traditional sex roles to quasi-egalitarianism, and mechanisms for masking of sex differentiation are discussed. A certain contradiction betwen covert sex differentiation at large and strong awareness in limited groups is pointed out. The author describes certain shifts in the maintenance of sex roles and other characteristics accompanying the main changes. Finally, some reflections on the question of strategies for sex role changes are offered.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of gender and sex role on the perceived suitability of hypothetical job applicants for sex-typed jobs. Six descriptions of applicants were presented to 605 college students, who were asked to rank order them on suitability for different
jobs. The questionnaire each student received had five applicants with masculine first names and one with a feminine first name. Results showed no main effect due to either job sex-type, sex role of applicants, or gender of either applicant or student-rater. Interactional analyses, however,
showed that for specific applicant job pairings where male applicants were ranked differently than female applicants, a complementarity of gender and sex role was evident. Specifically, the applicant with stereotypically masculine traits was ranked high when presented as a woman, while the
applicant with stereotypically feminine traits was ranked high when presented as a man. It is suggested that this interaction effect is best explained by positing that gender-related stereotypes are implicity generated and that they complement sex role characteristics of the other sex. Thus,
a woman with male sex role characteristics, or a man with female sex role characteristics, is seen as more adaptable or well-rounded than applicants whose sex roles are consonant with their gender.

Recent research by Abbey (1982) revealed that men are more likely to perceive the world in sexual terms and to make sexual judgments than women are. The present investigation focused on the comprehensiveness of Abbey's findings, drawing from the theories of androgyny and gender schema. Males and females viewed a 5-minute videotaped conversation of a male-female dyad. They then completed questionnaires concerning the interaction, providing ratings for both actors on various trait terms. Male participants were then separated into androgynous, undifferentiated, and masculine sex-typed groups, using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Results revealed that undifferentiated males rated the male actor significantly higher, on specific sexual terms, than the other groups rated him. The findings are discussed in terms of gender roles as distinct social skills. They support the view that masculinity and femininity, as measured by the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and similar instruments, are actually social competencies that contribute to an individual's personal and social effectiveness.

This article explores the hypothesis that the great difference between rates of delinquency and criminality of males versus females results from differences in sex roles promulgated by the culture. Here, "sex role" is conceptualized as an ideology about the behavior proper for members of a gender category, and is measured by two questionnaire scales: The Villemez-Touhey Index and a new College Sex Role Index. A survey incorporating these scales and a number of self-report delinquency questions was administered to students at the University of Washington, 498 women and 364 men. Results showed no influence of sex role ideology on deviant behavior among men, and only a very fragmentary influence among women. The Villemez-Touhey Index did correlate with use of alcohol and drugs and with sexual behavior. It is suggested that "sex role" refers to a cluster of phenomena, rather than being a unitary concept, and that the influence of social bonds or organizations is required to render any part of it salient for crime and delinquent behavior.

A list of 1, 000 names, stratified by sex and socioeconomic status, was randomly chosen from the population of a university community. A questionnaire packet consisting of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, and the Personal Orientation Inventory was mailed to those people who indicated a willingness to participate in the study. Analysis of the data revealed a strong positive relationship between androgyny as measured by the BSRI and the two measures of psychological health. The Results were taken to support the hypothesis that the availability of multiple soles to an individual was related to that person's skill in social behavior and to the larger context of healthy personality.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Section I: The Beginnings of Sex-Role Socialization -- Section Introduction -- Women and Power in the Caldecott and Newberry Winners, 1980-1990 -- Girls' and Boys' Activity Patterns in Family Leisure Settings -- Girls' and Boys' Views of Body Types -- Commentary -- Section II: Contexts of Socialization -- Section Introduction -- A. In Relationships -- Joys and Sorrows: Young Adults' Construction of Relationships with Mothers and Fathers -- Gender Roles and Family Functioning: Gender Differences in Farm Marriages -- Commentary -- B. In the Workplace -- Assessing the Impact of Gender-Role Socialization on Issues of Power and Influence in the Workplace -- Intimate Office Relationships and Their Impact on Work Group Communication -- Talk at the Top: Topics at Lunch -- Feminization of Public Relations: The Relationship of Sex, Job Titles, and Status Perceptions of the Field -- Commentary -- C. In the Political Arena -- The Rhetoric of Victimage: Women's Movement Leaders Respond to the Defeat of the ERA -- When the Candidate Is a Woman: The Content and Form of Televised Negative Advertising -- Commentary -- Section III: Manifestations of Socialization -- Section Introduction -- A. Through Communication Strategies and Skills -- Academic Self-Concept, Gender Orientation, and Communication Apprehension in Adolescents -- Gender and Function-Oriented Discourse in Small Groups: In Examination of Problem-Solving Processes and Outcomes -- The Role of Gender in Mediation: An Examination from a Communication Perspective -- Perceived Managerial Communication Skills of Three Groups of Women: Volunteer Leaders, Executives, and Aspirants to Leadership -- Commentary -- B. Through Discourse.