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Citation: Baird, Nellie Wilhelmina. The relation of the physical body to the mental body. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1905. ; Morse Department of Special Collections ; Introduction: When we consider physical culture in the various states of development, we find that it runs parallel with the intellectual and ethical efforts of mankind. The latter were caused, to a great extent, by the material wants of the individual. To the pre -historic human being, the struggle for existence was a severe teacher of physical training. Man, in his primitive state soon found that he who could handle the largest club and throw the heaviest stone had the best prospects for life. The wild woods were his gymnasium; his competitive games were battles for life, either with the beasts of the woods or with the human foes of his tribe. History tells us of but one people in whom physical culture manifested itself, as it were, as the living idea of beauty. These were the ancient Greeks. But only for a comparatively short time did the Greeks stand on this unparalleled high pedestal of physical culture. In proportion to their intellectual and political decline physical culture returned again to little better than barbarism, proving thus that mind and body will always ascend or descend together. Though the aspiration for the noble and beautiful had proved the most successful teacher of physical culture, the Romans dismissed him and engaged Master War again as their ideal teacher. It is true he served them faithfully, but could not prevent the dawn fall of the Roman Empire, because the Roman mind soon degenerated and mighty Rome died of voluptuousness. In the Middle Ages chivalry became the bearer of physical training, but the people at large were "dumb -driven cattle". Europe fell victim to this piratical state. Rapacity, ambition, struggle for supremacy were the motives of its physical culture.

"The face has long been considered the gateway to understanding human emotion and cognition. Body language is an equally powerful means of communication, however. Although faces and bodies can express themselves in many similar ways, examining their differences may be the best way to learn how bodies communicate. Exploring the body's role in perceiving and expressing emotion has opened broad new avenues for research in cognitive neuroscience. Emotions and the Body discusses the neural basis and temporal processing signatures of emotional body language by drawing on state-of-the-art research in the neuropsychology of emotional face and body disorders. Beatrice de Gelder explores a range of fascinating questions such as: How do facial and bodily expressions interact? What role does emotional body language play in social interaction? If body language is perceived even with limited attention and reduced visual awareness, as studies with patients have shown, then what is the nature of emotional experience, and how is awareness affected? Are some cultures less expressive in their body language? And are there notable gender and cultural differences in emotional body language, as is the case for facial expressions? Research on emotional body language shows that emotions are tools for adaptive action, and that they allow us to predict interactions with real, imagined, and virtual others. These data prompt de Gelder to consider virtual bodies as well as physical ones, including avatars and robots. The wide-ranging implications of her study will appeal especially to scholars and students of cognitive neuroscience, but also to those working in such related fields as information and communication technology, computer science, animation, and robotics"--

Ensuring the integrity of elections is a foundational concern for any democratic state. Yet, it faces a grave challenge in Poland, emanating from the Chamber of Extraordinary Control and Public Affairs of the Supreme Court. Created in 2018 following controversial changes to the national judicial system and tasked with reviewing the validity of parliamentary elections, the Chamber fails to meet the essential criteria of an independent court. Confirmed by rulings of the European Court of Human Rights and the Supreme Court itself, the Chamber's flawed origin and staffing, dependent on political influence and in departure from established rules of law, undermines its capacity to authenticate the fairness and legitimacy of elections. This echoes beyond Poland's borders as well, since the Chamber's defective status fails to meet European standards of effective judicial protection, thus raising concerns in the context of European integration. This blog delves into the Chamber's position, examines its role in validating electoral process and its impact on the democratic legitimacy of Poland's Parliament.