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Purpose - In line with the stakeholder, social contract, and the legitimacy theory of the company's obligations under the CSR to maintain sustainability. The purpose of this article is to know the CSR practices of multinational companies in various countries.Design / methodology / approach - Overview is based on 15 articles published from 2007 to 2015 in academic databases are Emerald and Proquest with keywords CSR, MNC, and Multinational.Findings - Through a review of the literature, this paper presents the implementation of CSR in multinational companies in various countries, which requires the active participation of stakeholders.Study limitations / implications - The literature on the implementation of CSR is little available.Originality - This paper presents a review of literature on an important aspect in the implementation of CSR strategies of multinational companies, namely the social maturity of the international community and cultural evolution of political thought, social adaptation activities of multinational companies, and market diversification.Keywords: CSR, MNC, MultinationalType of paper: Literature Review

Borrowing concepts from the study of work and occupations as well as gender studies, this paper considers the social organization of migration as gendered work. It explores women's and men's contribution to two aspects of family resources needed to migrate: (a) jobs and the non-market exchanges involved in obtaining work, and (b) the support of kin. The data come from a study of 30 emigrant and non-emigrant families representing three social classes in Hong Kong. We find their "migration work" varies by social class and gender. Since the working class families depend on kin to get resources to emigrate, their "migration work" involves maintaining these kin ties, mainly in the job area. The lower middle class proffer advice to kin, and they view kin as an information source on topics including migration. For the affluent, middle-class who negotiate independently to emigrate, their "migration work" involves linking colleagues to the family.

Les signaux d'alerte se multiplient sur les catastrophes écologiques. La valeur de ces signaux n'est pas régie par le critère de la vraie ou de la fausse alerte, ni par le principe du bon ou du mauvais gouvernement, mais par l'attractivité du signal, c'est-à-dire sa capacité à susciter l'attention et l'intérêt de ceux qui le reçoivent. En s'appuyant sur une étude des sentinelles des pandémies dans les sociétés asiatiques, Frédéric Keck montre que les territoires qui émettent des signaux d'alerte, comme Hong Kong, Taiwan ou Singapour, ont entre eux des relations de compétition et de collaboration analogues à celles des oiseaux qui concourent pour alerter sur la présence d'un prédateur. Dans cette émulation, où les pays échangent des informations pour prendre les mesures les plus rapides, se joue une nouvelle forme de solidarité globale et de justice sociale. Pour prendre la mesure de ce phénomène, l'auteur propose une lecture de quelques penseurs des signaux d'alerte (Claude Lévi-Strauss, Amotz Zahavi, Anna Tsing) ; puis une histoire des grandes crises sanitaires depuis vingt ans ; enfin, une approche de certaines oeuvres d'art (romans, films, expositions), qui nous préparent aux prochaines crises en faisant travailler notre imaginaire

D'un point de vue institutionnel, l'Europe sociale est constituée d'interventions à plusieurs niveaux, l'échelon européen étant historiquement faible relativement au niveau des modèles nationaux, qui apparaît marqué par une forte hétérogénéité au-delà d'un principe commun de protection des individus. Cet ensemble de politiques doit faire face à de nouveaux enjeux, résultant d'un ensemble de contraintes économiques, sociales et politiques, tout autant que de la modification du référentiel sur lequel s'appuient les politiques publiques: il en résulte d'une part des transformations des modèles nationaux de protection sociale, déclinant une tendance commune au retrait de l'État et à la focalisation sur un objectif d'emploi, d'autre part l'affirmation d'une coordination minimale à l'échelon européen, sur la base des méthodes ouvertes de coordination. L'analyse théorique permet d'identifier un certain nombre de bénéfices associés à une coordination renforcée dans le domaine social, mais elle souligne également la diversité de ses formes potentielles, dont les dispositifs existants ne constituent qu'un aspect.

In this volume the focus is on the interrelations of the global and the local in their consequences for work. The process of restructuring of work is analyzed as an ongoing, locally situated process in which actors within work organizations play an important role. Nevertheless, when taking the context of work organizations into account, the increasing importance of the global on the local processes is obvious. Local practices keep their central importance, but the global doesn't function only as a context for the local anymore but forms more and more a practice of itself in which an increasing number of actors play their part.As we can see on the World Wide Web, people and firms are both emitters and receptors and act on the local and global level at the same time. Local diversity in a world with increasing interdependencies is shown in a number of contributions from different parts of the world. These contributions are clustered around two main themes: Labor markets in global and local scenarios - From industry to services; Global industries - Restructuring and local jobs. The many case studies presented shed light to the diversity that occurs in different local situations.

Ambiguous Mortal Remains, Substitute Bodies, and other Materializations of the Dead among the Garo of Northeast India / Erik de Maaker -- Structures and Processes of Liminality : The Shape of Mourning among the Sora of Tribal India / Piers Vitebsky -- Liminal Bodies, Liminal Food : Hindu and Tribal Death Rituals Compared / Peter Berger -- The Liminality of "Living Martyrdom" : Suicide Bombers' Preparations for Paradise / Pieter Nanninga -- Disappearance and Liminality : Argentina's Mourning of State Terror / Antonius C.G.M. Robben -- Three Dimensions of Liminality in the Context of Kyrgyz Death Rituals / Roland Hardenberg -- Death, Ritual, and Effervescence / Peter Berger -- Hungry Ghost or Divine Soul? : Post-Mortem Initiation in Medieval Shaiva Tantric Death Rites / Nina Mirnig -- Between Death and Judgement : Sleep as the Image of Death in Early Modern Protestantism / Justin E.A. Kroesen and Jan R. Luth -- Body and Soul Between Death and Funeral in Archaic Greece / Jan N. Bremmer -- Death, Memory and Liminality : Rethinking Lampedusa's Later Life as Author and Aristocrat / Yme B. Kuiper.

A number of large-scale transformations have shaped the economy, polity and society of India over the past quarter century. This book provides a detailed account of three that are of particular importance: the advent of liberal economic reform, the ascendance of Hindu cultural nationalism, and the empowerment of historically subordinate classes through popular democratic mobilizations. Filling a gap in existing literature, the book goes beyond looking at the transformations in isolation, managing to: Explain the empirical linkages between these three phenomena Provide an account that integra

If we need a new language of national and international politics in order to think differently so as to cope with the dangers of a nuclear world, we also need a new language of policy analysis to examine the structures and processes by which defense policy in general, and nuclear policy in particular, is made. What is needed, as a start, is a new lexicon of basic terms derived from language and discourse but applied to the policy process. We might then begin to develop this new vocabulary into an effective critique of defense decision making in the modern or indeed, the post-modern state.

The word Development is devious and captivating, however, the development path is perplexed. In most cases, the governments try to attain economic, military, technological, and infrastructural development, whereas, the power centers evade investing and working on issues of Human Development. The governments of countries like Pakistan strive to shuffle the attentiveness of the world by spending a huge amount on building the roads, on bridges, and transportation and in maximization of arms and ammunition. Human development in Pakistan has always been neglected due to various reasons. A huge population of almost a 22million having as low as 154th (out of 189 countries) position in the human development index. The patriarchal system has created the social and cultural environment that is supporting persistence male domination, remains the major obstacle in the intellectual, social, and economic growth of women. This paper addresses the conceptual and methodological aspects of human development and women's empowerment in Pakistan, it explains the challenges and trends concerning women's empowerment throughout Pakistan's history, specifically in key areas such as individual, education, and health, economic and political participation, and especially Women's limited and controlled mobility.

Volume III of the Cambridge History of the Napoleonic Wars moves away from the battlefield to explore broader questions of society and culture. Leading scholars from around the globe show how the conflict left its mark on virtually every aspect of society. They reflect on the experience of the soldiers who fought in them, examining such matters as military morale, ideas of honour and masculinity, the treatment of wounds and the fate of prisoners-of-war; and they explore social issues such as the role of civilians, women's experience, trans-border encounters and the roots of armed resistance. They also demonstrates how the experience of war was inextricably linked to empire and the wider world. Individual chapters discuss the depiction of the Wars in literature and the arts and their lasting impact on European culture. The volume concludes by examining the memory of the Wars and their legacy for the nineteenth-cent ury world.

AbstractThis article reports on a phenomenographic investigation into practitioners' conceptions of ethical practice in social networking in career services. The results show that ethical practice was conceived as stemming from: (1) an information orientation, (2) a networking orientation, (3) an educational orientation, and (4) a collaborative orientation. Differences appeared along six dimensions including: approach, activities, level of usage, perception, strategy and ethical principles. The findings give us a more profound understanding of critical aspects that may have an important role in relation to further developments and the successful implementation of existing and emerging technologies in the career service sector.

RESUMEN: La autora contrapone dos concepciones de democracia, según se ponga al acento en los aspectos representativos o participativos del sistema político.Desde esta perspectiva, considera que el concepto de gobernabilidad suele relacionarse con la representación, mientras que los movimientos sociales se insertan en la problemática de la participación.La unilateralidad de cada enfoque tiene como consecuencia una dificultad grande de relacionar ambas cuestiones. Frente a ello, la autora considera necesario abodarlas desde una perspectiva de complementariedad, en lugar de la contraposición excluyente que tiende a dominar en muchos análisis políticos.En este sentido, representación y participación, gobernabilidad y movimientos sociales, deberían estudiarse desde sus posibilidades de articulación de cara a la producción de un orden democrático consolidado.ABSTRACT: The author contrasts two conceptions of democracy, from the point of view of the relative importance of, alternatively, representative or participatory aspects of the political system.From this approach, the concept of governability is usually related to representation, whilst social movements are inserted in the field of participation.These perspectives are unilateral, and it implies a great difficulty in connecting both questions reciprocally. On the contrary, the author demands for a complementary approach, putting aside the excluding opposition that tends to dominate in a lot of political analysis.In this sense, representation and participation, governability and social movements, should be studied from their possibility of articulation, in order to produce a consolidated democracy.

This book explores the weird and mean and in-between that characterize everyday expression online, from absurdist photoshops to antagonistic Twitter hashtags to deceptive identity play. Whitney Phillips and Ryan M. Milner focus especially on the ambivalence of this expression: the fact that it is too unwieldy, too variable across cases, to be essentialized as old or new, vernacular or institutional, generative or destructive. Online expression is, instead, all of the above. This ambivalence, the authors argue, hinges on available digital tools. That said, there is nothing unexpected or surprising about even the strangest online behavior. Ours is a brave new world, and there is nothing new under the sun - a point necessary to understanding not just that online spaces are rife with oddity, mischief, and antagonism, but why these behaviors matter. The Ambivalent Internet is essential reading for students and scholars of digital media and related fields across the humanities, as well as anyone interested in mediated culture and expression.

Machine generated contents note: -- Introduction -- Occupied and Occupiers--The Israeli Case -- Daniel Bar-Tal and Izhak Schnell -- Part I: Fundamentals of Occupation -- Chapter 1 -- The Law of Belligerent Occupation as a System of Control: Dressing Up Exploitation in Respectable Garb -- David Kretzmer -- Chapter 2 -- Is There a Controversy about the Morality of the Occupation and Its Implications? -- Marcelo Dascal -- Chapter 3 -- Geographical Ramifications of the Occupation on Israeli Society -- Izhak Schnell -- Chapter 4 -- Psychological Legitimization--Views of the Israeli Occupation by Jews in Israel: Data and Implications -- Tamir Magal, Neta Oren, Daniel Bar-Tal, and Eran Halperin -- Part II: Political Effects of Occupation -- Chapter 5 -- The Occupation and Israeli Democracy -- Yaron Ezrahi -- Chapter 6 -- The Occupation and Its Effect on the Israel Defense Forces -- Reuven Pedatzur -- Chapter 7 -- Intra-Domestic Bargaining over the Lands and the Future: Israel's Policy toward the 1967 Occupied Territories -- Gideon Doron and Maoz Rosenthal -- Chapter 8 -- The Impact of the Occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on the Political Discourse of the Palestinians in Israel Muhammad Amara and Mohanad Mustafa -- Part III: Societal Effects of Occupation -- Chapter 9 -- The Wallkeepers: Monitoring the Israeli-Arab Conflict -- Dan Caspi with Danny Rubinstein -- Chapter 10 -- Economic Cost of the Occupation -- Shir Hever -- Chapter 11 -- Gendering the Discourse of Occupation: A Sociological Perspective -- Hanna Herzog -- Chapter 12 -- The Psychological and Moral Consequences for Israeli Society of the Occupation of Palestinian Land -- Charles W. Greenbaum and Yoel Elizur -- Part IV: Cultural Effects of Occupation -- Chapter 13 -- Appealing to Enlightened Self-Interest: The Impact of Occupation on Human Rights within Israel -- Edward (Edy) Kaufman -- Chapter 14 -- The Occupation as Represented in the Arts in Israel -- Dan Urian -- Chapter 15 -- Vocabulary and th