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Ranked choice voting first gained a foothold in the U.S. during the Progressive Movement in the 20th century as calls for electoral reforms grew. Ranked choice voting was implemented in many cities across the U.S. in both single- and multi-seat districts. But, by the 1940s it became a victim of its own success, turning the tides of the hegemonic white male leadership in U.S. legislative bodies with the election of women. Since the 1990s, ranked choice voting has once again gained traction in the U.S., this time with the focus on implementing single seat ranked choice voting. This article will build on the existing literature by filling in the gaps on how ranked choice voting—in both forms—has impacted women's representation both historically and in currently elected bodies in the U.S.

The beginning of military justice in the Romanian Principalities regard the Organic Regulations' era, where provisions concerning military discipline of the newly formed land-militia of both historical provinces were recorded. Subsequently, military justice continued to develop during the reign of Barbu Dimitrie Stirbei and prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza's time, whose reign also concerns, among other military reforms, the unification of military criminal legislation, by adopting a single regulation in both historical provinces. The Military Justice Code was adopted in 1873, being subsequently modified and completed in the years of 1881, 1894, 1905, 1906, 1916 and 1917, in order to keep up with social, economic and legislative changes, but especially with the ever-changing battlefield reality, in the era of turmoil that hit Europe at the end of 19th and beginning of 20th century.

The main objective of this paper is to analyze classic Disney comic book stories by writer/artist Carl Barks and to determine how their author emphasized issues and theories related to international politics of the 20th century such as the Cold War, colonialism, dependency theory, etc. Because Barks' works focused on developing countries and political and economic relations of societies and nations, certain parallels between US politics and comic plots can be found. In order to determine what issues were reflected and how they were was presented, plots of selected comics were analyzed through a set of questions about Donald Duck, his family and their role in the world where one can find communist countries, developing societies and dependencies between men, corporations, national identities and post-colonial states.

La novelista Luisa Carnés por su defensa de los derechos laborales, especialmente de las mujeres, se encuadra en la narrativa social de la preguerra. Su obra muestra las duras condiciones laborales de los trabajadores a lo largo del siglo XX en España y en el exilio mexicano. Sus novelas y relatos nos permiten profundizar en la existencia de una legislación insuficiente para defender a los trabajadores frente a los abusos empresariales ; The novelist Luisa Carnés for her defense of labor rights, especially women, fits into the prewar social narrative. Her work shows the harsh working conditions of workers throughout the 20th century in Spain and in Mexican exile. Her novels and stories allow us to delve into the existence of insufficient legislation to defend workers against business abuses

A historiographic review of the main epidemic episodes suffered by humanity from Prehistory to the 20th century is carried out, with the aim of analyzing the incidence that successive infectious-contagious diseases had in different societies at each time, regarding four study variables: social, economic, political and mentalities. Keywords Disease, population, poverty, crisis, social stigma, manipulation. ; Se realiza una revisión historiográfica de los principales episodios epidémicos sufridos por la humanidad desde la Prehistoria hasta el siglo XX, con el propósito de analizar la incidencia que han tenido las sucesivas enfermedades infecto-contagiosas en las diferentes sociedades en cada época, atendiendo a cuatro variables de estudio: la social, la económica, la política y la esfera de las mentalidades. Palabras clave Enfermedad, población, pobreza, crisis, estigmatización, manipulación.

The main objective of this paper is to analyze classic Disney comic book stories by writer/artist Carl Barks and to determine how their author emphasized issues and theories related to international politics of the 20th century such as the Cold War, colonialism, dependency theory, etc. Because Barks' works focused on developing countries and political and economic relations of societies and nations, certain parallels between US politics and comic plots can be found. In order to determine what issues were reflected and how they were was presented, plots of selected comics were analyzed through a set of questions about Donald Duck, his family and their role in the world where one can find communist countries, developing societies and dependencies between men, corporations, national identities and post-colonial states.

The political events and global socio-economic reforms carried out by social democrats in the early 20th century, expansion of the capital of Austria and the inflow of the working class caused the building of a "garden city" with rich infrastructure, parks and available and comfortable dwelling. The skills of advanced Austrian architects, ideological meaning together with economic forces, spatial concept and socialist slogans gave birth to a new architectural identity. ; Политические события и глобальные социально-экономические реформы, проведенные социал-демократами в начале XX в., экспансия столицы Австрии и наплыв рабочего класса стали причиной строительства «города-сада» с богатой инфраструктурой, парками и доступным комфортным жильем. Умения прогрессивных австрийских проектировщиков, идеологический смысл вместе с экономическими силами, пространственной концепцией и социалистическими лозунгами породили новую архитектурную идентичность.

This paper discusses the origins and institutional evolution of the European Monetary Union (EMU) in the light of two theoretical frameworks: the liberal federation proposed by Hayek and Robbins in the first half of the 20th century and the still prevailing neoclassical macroeconomic consensus. It is argued that before existing as Euro, the common currency was already a neoliberal project, in the sense of an ideal space for elevating market rules to a unique and definitive form of social and economic order. This neoliberal construction was technically legitimized by a neoclassical economic theory founded on wrong epistemological principles, which prevented a correct understanding of the economic and social challenges faced by the Eurozone. The result is a crisis prone configuration that will keep endangering EMU's political and economic stability.

By the end of the 20th century, deinstitutionalisation had become a pervasive trend in the Western world. This thematic issue discusses how successful deinstitutionalisation has been in enabling dignified and safe living with necessary services in local communities. It contributes to an understanding of the history and phases of deinstitutionalisation and 'home turn' policies, and sheds light on the grassroots‐level of home‐ and community‐based work at the margins of welfare, hitherto little researched. The latter includes grassroots work to implement the Housing First approach to homelessness, commonly portrayed as a means of social inclusion, worker-client interactions during home visits and in the local community, as well as close inspections of what 'housing support' may actually entail in terms of care, discipline and service user participation.

The events and activities of the convention of Tobolsk Governorate's country doctors are reconstructed for the first time in historiography. The convention took place in January-February 1911 and was the first professional medical forum in Siberia. The convention is considered to be an important indicator for the development of non-governmental initiative. Taking into account archival records and published documents that are being introduced into the academic context for the first time, we reveal the background of the convention, describe the materials, the agenda, basic resolutions and results of the sessions. The doctors' convention highlights the development of corporate self-management of the regional medical community. In the early 20th century the latter grew mature enough to formulate collective interests, to adjust governmental activities in the health care to the local specifics.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the place that the representatives of the Orenburg pedagogical community took in developing and making decisions on the problems of educational policy with regard to "foreigners" at the beginning of the 20th century, using the example of the "Special Conference at the Ministry of Public Education on the Education of Eastern Foreigners" (1905). It is shown that in a number of fundamental moments the representatives of the Orenburg pedagogical community set the tone in assessing the situation in the education system for ethnic and religious minorities, and the practice of working in the region's educational system for "foreigners" became the subject of discussion and a guideline for modeling the general empire acculturation policy by means of education.

The PZL-11: Construction and Re-constructions of How an Aeronautical Symbol is Remembered
The PZL-11 fighter plane, almost immediately after its creation in the early 30s of the 20th century, became recognized in Poland to be one of the greatest achievements of native technological know-how; evidence that in a very short period of time it had attained a world-class level. In September 1939, a little dated, it fought the Luftwaffe. After WW2 it was exploited by the historical politics of the ruling communist party: presented as evidence of the failure of the preceding capitalist system. Over time, however, it has become a symbol of persistent struggle against foreign aggression and of heroic resistance, becoming a significant element of Polish cultural heritage.

This paper presents the study of the information potential of documents from the personal fund of Michael Z. Vinokouroff, stored in the Alaska Historical Library (USA). Their source analysis will determine the directions of their further scientific use. Numerous documents, diaries, letters, books, photographs of the archive fund are the objects of special attention of researchers of the Russian Orthodox Church, "Russian America", historians, bibliographers, linguists, literary scholars. The main directions of the effective scientific use of the documents from the personal archive of Michael Z. Vinokouroff. In addition to the unpublished diaries and notes of the bibliophile, the collection contains letters from St. Innokenty (Veniaminov), as well as documents reflecting the political and literary life of Yakutia in the first third of the 20th century.

The article presents the assessment of P. N. Milyukov for Russian historical science of the 20th century through the biographies of its iconic representatives A. A. Kizevetter, S. F. Platonov and M. N. Pokrovsky. The source base was made up of articles and obituaries written by Milyukov and dedicated to the deceased scholars. The specifics of the historiographic Milyukov' discourse consists of 1) the structural features of the narrative, which includes, the author's own biography along with the biography of historians; 2) in the criteria for assessing the scientific contribution and prospects for the development of historical scholarship from the point of view of fitting into Moscow or St. Petersburg historical schools. In conclusion of the article the authors named features of the corporate memory of emigrant scientist.

In the early 20th century, modern school curricula and new-style schools mushroomed in the Chinese remittance landscape of southern China. Breaking away from the two-and-a-half millennia of Confucian tradition, their creation marked a pivotal point of departure between the nation's past and future. Since overseas migration and modern education both provide a fruitful context for the circulation of new objects and a cross-fertilization of ideas, new schools serve as barometers of social-material change. Research in the present-day cities of Zhongshan and Zhuhai (formerly Heung San County) suggests that diaspora-funded schools were beacons of modern learning within the China–Australia corridor. Both their physical structures and material manifestations invited a new engagement with the modern world.