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"Environmental risk directly affects the financial stability of banks since they bear the financial consequences of the loss of liquidity of the entities to which they lend, and of the financial penalties imposed resulting from the failure to comply with regulations, and for actions taken, which are harmful to the natural environment. This book explores the impact of environmental risk on the banking sector and analyzes strategies to mitigate this risk with a special emphasis on the role of modeling. It argues that environmental risk modeling allows banks to estimate the patterns and consequences of environmental risk on their operations, and to take measures within the context of asset and liability management to minimize the likelihood of losses. An important role here is played by the environmental risk modeling methodology, as well as the software and mathematical and econometric models used. It examines banks' responses to macroprudential risk, particularly from the point of view of their adaptation strategies, the mechanisms of its spread, risk management and modeling, and sustainable business models. It introduces the basic concepts, definitions and regulations concerning this type of risk, within the context of its influence on the banking industry. The book is primarily based on a quantitative and qualitative approach and proposes the delivery of a new methodology of environmental risk management and modelling in the banking sector. As such, it will appeal to researchers, scholars and students of environmental economics, finance and banking, sociology, law and political sciences"--

In most European countries, the horrific legacy of 1939–45 has made it quite difficult to remember the war with much glory. Despite the Anglo-American memory narrative of saving democracy from totalitarianism and the Soviet epic of the Great Patriotic War, the fundamental experience of war for so many Europeans was that of immense personal losses and often meaningless hardships. The anthology at hand focuses on these histories between the victors: on the cases of Hungary, Estonia, Poland, Austria, Finland, and Germany and on the respective, often gendered experiences of defeat. The book's chapters underline the asynchronous transition to peace in individual experiences, when compared to the smooth timelines of national and international historiographies. Furthermore, it is important to note that instead of a linear chronology, both personal and collective histories tend to return back to the moments of violence and loss, thus forming continuous cycles of remembrance and forgetting. Several of the authors also pay specific attention to the constructed and contested nature of national histories in these cycles. The role of these 'in-between' countries – and even more their peoples' multifaceted experiences – will add to the widening European history of the aftermath, thereby challenging the conventional dichotomies and periodisations. In the aftermath of the seventieth anniversary of 1945, it is still too early to regard the post-war period as mere history, the memory politics and rhetoric of the Second World War and its aftermath are again being used and abused to serve contemporary power politics in Europe

In most European countries, the horrific legacy of 1939–45 has made it quite difficult to remember the war with much glory. Despite the Anglo-American memory narrative of saving democracy from totalitarianism and the Soviet epic of the Great Patriotic War, the fundamental experience of war for so many Europeans was that of immense personal losses and often meaningless hardships. The anthology at hand focuses on these histories between the victors: on the cases of Hungary, Estonia, Poland, Austria, Finland, and Germany and on the respective, often gendered experiences of defeat. The book's chapters underline the asynchronous transition to peace in individual experiences, when compared to the smooth timelines of national and international historiographies. Furthermore, it is important to note that instead of a linear chronology, both personal and collective histories tend to return back to the moments of violence and loss, thus forming continuous cycles of remembrance and forgetting. Several of the authors also pay specific attention to the constructed and contested nature of national histories in these cycles. The role of these 'in-between' countries – and even more their peoples' multifaceted experiences – will add to the widening European history of the aftermath, thereby challenging the conventional dichotomies and periodisations. In the aftermath of the seventieth anniversary of 1945, it is still too early to regard the post-war period as mere history, the memory politics and rhetoric of the Second World War and its aftermath are again being used and abused to serve contemporary power politics in Europe.

Intro -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Chapter I -- United States Army - California And Texas - Confederate States Army - Virginia, Yorktown, Eltham's Landing, Seven Pines Or Fair Oaks. -- Chapter II -- Confederate States Army, Virginia- Gaines's Mills Or First Cold Harbor, Malvern Hill, Second Manassas, Boonsboro, Gap, And Sharpsburg, Or Antietam. -- Chapter III -- Confederate States Army - Virginia - Fredericksburg, Suffolk, Gettysburg, And Chickamauga. -- Chapter IV -- Reply To General Johnston - Effective Strength And Losses, Army Of Tennessee -Dalton To Atlanta. -- Chapter V -- Reply To General Johnston - Transfer From The Virginia To The Western Army -Dalton, Resaca, Adairsville, And Cassville. -- Chapter VI -- Reply To General Johnston - Cassville. -- Chapter VII -- Reply To General Johnston - New Hope Church - Kennesaw Mountain - Retreat Across The Chattahoochee - Johnston Relieved From Command. -- Chapter VIII -- Reply To General Johnston - Handling Of Troops - Lee And Jackson School Versus The Johnston School - Johnston's Plan To Hold Atlanta "Forever." -- Chapter IX -- Reply To General Johnston - His Intention To Abandon Atlanta - Evacuation Of Richmond Contemplated In 1862 - Attempt To Court Martial. -- Chapter X -- Siege Of Atlanta - Difficulties Of The Situation - Battle Of The 20th Of July. -- Chapter XI -- Siege Of Atlanta - Battle 22d Of July - Hardee - General Frank Blair's Letter. -- Chapter XII -- Siege Of Atlanta - Engagement Of The 28th Of July - Wheeler, Iverson And Jackson - Battle Of Jonesboroa - Evacuation Of Atlanta. -- Chapter XIII -- Atlanta Untenable - Losses During The Siege - Compared With Those Of Sherman, And With Those Of Johnston From Dalton To Atlanta. -- Chapter XIV -- Correspondence with Sherman - Citations on the rules of War. -- Chapter XV.

"Deforestation and forest degradation are two of the main causes of the progressing loss of terrestrial biodiversity and are continuing at an alarming rate worldwide, especially in tropical countries. The underlying drivers of forest destruction vary from region to region, but can be linked mainly to human activities such as land use pressure and related policies. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) considers protected areas (PA) as a cornerstone in its strategy for reducing the current loss of species and habitats in all types of ecosystems and therefore calls for a global PA network. Recognising the unsatisfactory spatial coverage and degree of effectiveness of existing PA in forests (FPA), the 9th Conference of the Parties to the CBD (COP9) reconfirmed the importance of national and regional FPA networks and the sustainable financing of FPA. Forests require particular attention regarding conservation due to their exceptional biodiversity, large cover area and their role in the adaptation and mitigation of global climate change. The present report has the objective of supporting the implementation of the recent COP9 decision on FPA through scientific analyses and practical policy-advice. Based on the evaluation of existing concepts for the selection, management and financing of FPA, it develops recommendations for the creation of a global FPA network. The character of the proposed network is discussed and suggestions are made for its realisation under the CBD, in particular concerning FPA selection, financing mechanisms and implementation."--Publisher's description

The concept of fair division is as old as civil society itself. Aristotle's "equal treatment of equals" was the first step toward a formal definition of distributive fairness. The concept of collective welfare, more than two centuries old, is a pillar of modern economic analysis. Reflecting fifty years of research, this book examines the contribution of modern microeconomic thinking to distributive justice. Taking the modern axiomatic approach, it compares normative arguments of distributive justice and their relation to efficiency and collective welfare.The book begins with the epistemological status of the axiomatic approach and the four classic principles of distributive justice: compensation, reward, exogenous rights, and fitness. It then presents the simple ideas of equal gains, equal losses, and proportional gains and losses. The book discusses three cardinal interpretations of collective welfare: Bentham's "utilitarian" proposal to maximize the sum of individual utilities, the Nash product, and the egalitarian leximin ordering. It also discusses the two main ordinal definitions of collective welfare: the majority relation and the Borda scoring method.The Shapley value is the single most important contribution of game theory to distributive justice. A formula to divide jointly produced costs or benefits fairly, it is especially useful when the pattern of externalities renders useless the simple ideas of equality and proportionality. The book ends with two versatile methods for dividing commodities efficiently and fairly when only ordinal preferences matter: competitive equilibrium with equal incomes and egalitarian equivalence. The book contains a wealth of empirical examples and exercises.

Marma Science is an extremely important branch of Ayurveda. Marma points are important vital places in the body, that are the 'seats of life' (Prana - the vital life force). As any injury to these parts may lead to severe pain, disability, loss of function, loss of sensation, or death, therefore, they hold an important place in the science of surgery, wherein they are considered 'Shalya Vishayardha' (half of the entire science of surgery). The ancient scriptures have strictly directed against causing any injury to these vital spots. However, recent research have attempted the stimulation of Marma points for therapeutic benefits, with encouraging outcomes. In view of these mutually conflicting, importance applications of Marma Science, the present study was undertaken for its in-depth study. Part-1 of this study presented information about different aspects of Marma Science in various ancient / classical Indian scriptures. Part-2 gave a detailed description of the number of marmas, their location, structures involved, classification, the effect of trauma, etc., as per classical texts, as well as correlation with modern science. The present article, which is part-3 of this study, explores the use of Marma Science in Yoga and other ancient Indian traditions. It is observed that various Yogic practices had been devised with the primary aim of stimulating specific Marma points, with important healing applications. Several ancient Indian traditions used Marma Science both as a martial art for self-defense and inflicting injury on the opponents, and as a therapeutic technique for healing purposes.

Background: Acharacteristic feature of cancer is, among other things, that even after successful oncological treatment, the patient cannot close this chapter of life and the experience of being acancer patient. In oncology there is no unambiguous definition of apatient as ahealthy person. Methods: The study covered agroup of 20 people. In the con- ducted tests the diagnostic survey method was introduced. The technique of individual in-depth interviews was used. The re- spondent could fully express his or her own feelings, emotions, thoughts and experiences. Results. The respondents stated that positive emotions ap- peared with the completion of treatment, but indicated that the feelings were not related to the sense of healing but only to the completion of tiring therapeutic procedures. Some respondents complained about the feeling of chronic fatigue. Fatigue was not only related to the physical sphere, although everyone con- firmed that the side effects of the therapy persisted for some time. The respondents paid more attention to mental fatigue, which had various forms, e.g.: anxiety about possible relapse; functional losses; feeling of loss caused by radical treatment. Out of 20 respondents, 4 persons indicated aloss of health, es- pecially the sense of joy and happiness, self-esteem, self-con- fidence, social contacts, family and time. Conclusions: The research group consisted of 20 respondents, which limits the possibility of formulating generalized con- clusions, but indicates various directions of possible improve- ment and, most importantly, shows how the thinking about can- cer can be changed.

The increase of urban expansion, whereby soils become altered or filled with buildings through human action, presents a global threat to biodiversity and the spread of disease. Many of the factors determining bird migration routes and disease spread are poorly understood. We studied the migration routes of common quail Coturnix coturnix in western Europe. We examined the recoveries of ringed birds to characterize their migration trajectories to understand how this nocturnal migrant crosses artificial areas and predict the risk of migration collapse and disease transmission. We evaluated the possible consequences of quail collisions with human infrastructure elements (i.e., buildings, cranes, overhead cables and wires, and wind farm structures) to assess disease transmission in relation to the amount of urban soil. Our results show that variations in the amount of artificialized soil in central Europe are correlated with the relative absence of quail migratory routes. Conceptual models incorporating environmental ecology showed the relationships between climate warming, agroecosystems, and urban ecosystems as well as human health and economic growth. We predict a drastic loss of biodiversity and spread of disease if we do not curb the spread of land consumption. Taking a broad view of the interrelations discussed here allows predictions of global vulnerability and increased risks to health due to losses of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Lessons drawn from migration route maps of quail in relation to the distribution of urbanized soils provide tools for global conservation political decision making

Abstract Malaysian politics has been turbulent over the past two decades, as seen in the damaged tradition of leadership transition, non-violent revolts against successive regimes, and unstable realignments of opposing forces. Two startling symptoms point to disorder. One is the heavy electoral losses and loss of legitimacy suffered by the post-Mahathir regimes. The other is the political re-entry of Anwar Ibrahim and Mahathir Mohamad. The persisting turbulence raises certain questions. Why has the ruling party, the United Malays National Organization, been susceptible to internal fighting, being at once a source of hegemonic stability and systemic instability? Why has the apex of the United Malays National Organization repeatedly jeopardised its traditions of leadership succession? Why has one leader, Mahathir Mohamad, been involved in all the disputes? How did the crisis of the party, not just the regime, become intimately tied to economic crisis? Conventional paradigmatic explanations of Malaysian politics – inter-ethnic rivalry in a plural society, elite solidarity, and regime type (semi-democratic, hybrid, or competitive authoritarian) – are of little help even if ethnicity, elite conduct, and authoritarian rule are relevant. Instead, this essay suggests that the turbulence is part of a long trajectory of oligarchic reconstitution bound to a peculiar nexus of state, ethnicity, and class. The paper does not construct a theory of Malaysian politics. It offers a historically informed exploration of a leitmotif of an unfinished project that runs through much of the past 20 years of political conflict and struggle.

In most European countries, the horrific legacy of 1939–45 has made it quite difficult to remember the war with much glory. Despite the Anglo-American memory narrative of saving democracy from totalitarianism and the Soviet epic of the Great Patriotic War, the fundamental experience of war for so many Europeans was that of immense personal losses and often meaningless hardships. The anthology at hand focuses on these histories between the victors: on the cases of Hungary, Estonia, Poland, Austria, Finland, and Germany and on the respective, often gendered experiences of defeat. The book's chapters underline the asynchronous transition to peace in individual experiences, when compared to the smooth timelines of national and international historiographies. Furthermore, it is important to note that instead of a linear chronology, both personal and collective histories tend to return back to the moments of violence and loss, thus forming continuous cycles of remembrance and forgetting. Several of the authors also pay specific attention to the constructed and contested nature of national histories in these cycles. The role of these 'in-between' countries – and even more their peoples' multifaceted experiences – will add to the widening European history of the aftermath, thereby challenging the conventional dichotomies and periodisations. In the aftermath of the seventieth anniversary of 1945, it is still too early to regard the post-war period as mere history, the memory politics and rhetoric of the Second World War and its aftermath are again being used and abused to serve contemporary power politics in Europe

AbstractThe defeat of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang) in the Chinese Civil War in 1949 is often explained as a consequence of Nationalist fiscal incompetence during the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led to the collapse of the Nationalist state. In this paper, I argue that from 1937 until 1940, GMD fiscal policy managed to preserve a degree of relative stability even though, by early 1939, the Nationalists had already lost control over ports yielding 80 per cent of Customs revenue which, during the Nanjing decade (1928–1937), had accounted for more than 40 per cent of annual central government revenue. The loss of this revenue forced the Nationalists to introduce wartime fiscal instruments, taxation in kind, and transit taxes, both previously condemned as outdated and inequitable by the Nationalists. Further territorial losses led to the introduction of deficit financing, which in turn became a cause of hyperinflation. The introduction of war-time fiscal instruments led to administrative changes in the revenue-collecting agencies of the Nationalist state, and to the demise of the Maritime Customs Service as the pre-eminent revenue-collecting and anti-smuggling organization. The administrative upheavals of the war facilitated the rise of other central government organizations nominally charged with smuggling suppression, which in fact frequently engaged in trade with the Japanese-occupied areas of China. Hence, administrative reforms at a time of fiscal collapse, far from strengthening the war-time state, created one of the preconditions for the disintegration of the Nationalist state, which facilitated the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) victory in 1949.

The focus of the study was to observe changes brought about by the implementation of Chapter 2 of the Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981 in local jurisdictions of government when the disposition of federal funds were under local control. The study investigated the extent to which the six expressed intentions of Chapter 2, ECIA legislation were realized in 154 local education agencies in the state of Mississippi two years after implementation. Specifically, the six legislative concerns were to: * Reduce the amount of paperwork without reducing the quality of programs, * Equalize the distribution of federal funds without reducing the benefits to specific target populations, * Increase local discretion without diminishing prior program commitments to the original national priorities, * Increase the role of private education without raising the constitutional issue, * Reduce reporting and evaluation requirements without a commensurate loss of accountability, and * Reduce the constraints on SEAs in the planning of federally funded projects and programs without a loss of perceived quality in those programs. Data sources collected for analysis included: a mail survey, interviews with state and local school personnel, and supportive documents from both the state education agency and local school districts. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. From the study it was concluded that, while the goals of Chapter 2, ECIA legislation were admirable, they were replete with unintended consequences. Further, while many of the legislative objectives were met at the national level several of the objectives had differing effects in a state like Mississippi which exerted little SEA influence. ; Ph. D.

This open access IMISCOE Regional Reader explores the issues faced by migrant groups in Southeast Asia and the challenges of getting of their human rights recognized. It analyses the different responses, or lack thereof, of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to these highly complex situations which are shaped by contemporary debates around borders and concepts of states, migrants' rights as well as access to citizenship and how these concepts and paradigms are intertwined with issues such as agency and resilience of migrants. Crucial attention is given to the region's lesser known populations and issues such as the Vietnamese in Thailand, people of Indonesian descent (PIDs) in Southern Philippines, independent child migrants across the region, and the vulnerabilities of migrant workers facing the COVID-19 pandemic. With its unique regional focus, this book provides a valuable resource to those studying human rights and migration issues, policy makers and researchers and students.

The article examines the problems of investment support in the agricultural sector of Ukraine's economy in modern conditions and identifies promising directions for improving the investment climate. It has been established that in the process of creating a market economy in Ukraine and European integration processes, there is a need for complex searches for ways of development and determination of the role and place of the state in these economic transformations. The experience of developed democratic countries shows that there is no single solution to this problem, and the degree of state intervention in the economy of different countries varies. The directions of the transformation of the agrarian-industrial complex in Ukraine since independence have been determined. It has been proven that before the start of the full-scale war, the agricultural sector in Ukraine was one of the most profitable branches of the Ukrainian economy. It contributed to a significant contribution to the GDP and preservation of land resources in a satisfactory condition. A number of problems in the agrarian sector of Ukraine's economy, which inhibit its development, are highlighted: insufficient transparency in matters of land ownership; non-compliance with quality and safety standards established by international organizations; limited investment level; insufficient adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the requirements of the European Union; the problem of reforming the market and its structure; dependence on state funding; lack of innovative activity; problems in the field of logistics and supplies. The assessment of direct losses in the field of agro-industrial complex and agricultural infrastructure, which were the result of constant attacks by the Russian armed forces, is presented. Among the components of these losses, the largest ones that have become the most financially significant should be indicated: agricultural machinery, finished agricultural products, and grain storages. It is these losses that can be recognized as significant and such that they do not allow us to talk about the rapid improvement of the situation in the agricultural sector of Ukraine and the attraction of investments. The main vectors of increasing the investment attractiveness of the agrarian sector of the Ukrainian economy are given and a list of measures that must be taken to solve the main problems of the agrarian sector of Ukraine during and after the war, as well as improving the investment component of the development of the agrarian sector of the economy and continuing the European integration processes, is presented.