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European Union accepted a new climate- and energy package in 2008. As a consequence of the new and quite challenging strategy the whole electricity industry has to evolve, concerning also electricity distribution sector, especially as the role of electricity as an energy carrier increases. At the same time the expectations of the society as well as a single customer increase towards electricity supply, voltage quality and the whole network service. Smart Grids can integrate the existing network infrastructure with advanced automation and ICT- technology enabling more efficient and flexible use of the network by opening up new possibilities for additional services. For this reason, a need for the development of "smart" solutions and their introduction increase continuously. DSOs are in a crucial role concerning the development of the network infrastructure. Network business is a regional monopoly business sector which is regulated by authorities. As the operation environment changes also the regulation model need to be developed into a right direction. The model should allow DSOs to have such economic conditions, that the grid development with "smart" solutions becomes possible which is a prerequisite in order to reach the political targets as well. Significance of the directing signals of regulation and potential incentives are crucial from Smart Grid perspective. This has to be taken into account when developing the future regulation models. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the "smartness" of electricity distribution networks from different perspectives. The recognition of the most important "smart" solutions is a prerequisite when evaluating the level of "smartness" in a network. Therefore the focus is on analyzing the benefits of "smart" solutions by reflecting them with the ultimate objectives of Smart Grids (EU 20/20/20 targets). Based on analyzes carried out during the work, there has been developed an approach for determining the level of "smartness" in a network. The approach includes the most important aspects of "smartness" suitable to be used especially in the Nordic countries. The approach has been applied in practice by performing a case study of Vattenfall's distribution networks in Finland and in Sweden. Based on analyzes carried out during the work, the most important challenges concerning future development have been identified and discussed. In addition, consideration of ways to ensure the development of network business into a right direction has been made. As an enabler for Smart Grid development there is a regulation model, which takes into account the needed innovative solutions by providing advanced incentives for the DSOs to overcome the increasing challenges. Potential incentives related to "smart" solutions and Smart Grids have been discussed briefly in the work. Review of how the approach created to evaluate the level of "smartness" could be used in the future regulation models on a larger scale, is however left for further research proposal. /Kir11

Beschreibung der Gründung, Entwicklung, Arbeitsweise, Zielsetzung und Erfolgsbilanz der 'Small Business Development Corporation' in der RSA. Betonung der Notwendigkeit des unternehmerischen Denkens, wie der Starthilfe und der Überbrückung schwieriger Finanzsituationen. Notwendig sind weiter Abbau von bürokratischen Hemmnissen sowie eine Neubewertung der Chance von Firmengründungen und der Rolle des informellen Sektors. (DÜI-Wsl)

AbstractOf the estimated 35.3 million refugees around the world (UNHCR, Figures at a Glance, 2022), approximately 50% are children under the age of 18. Refugee adolescents represent a unique group as they navigate developmental tasks in an unstable and often threatening environment or in resettlement contexts in which they often face marginalization. In addition to physiological, social, and psychological changes that mark adolescence, refugee youth often face traumatic experiences, acculturative stress, discrimination, and a lack of basic resources. In this consensus statement, we examine research on refugee adolescents' developmental tasks, acculturative tasks, and psychological adjustment using Suárez‐Orozco and colleague's integrative risk and resilience model for immigrant‐origin children and youth proposed by Suárez‐Orozco et al. Finally, we discuss recommendations—moving from proximal to more distal contexts.

Through change and development, human service organizations can promote the well-being of their clients more effectively. This important book describes and analyzes recent research on organizational change and development in the social and human services. It is particularly relevant in light of the significant changes in these organizations during the last decade and the lack of literature in the area. Organizational Change and Development in Human Service Organizations brings together the work of scholars who deal with social welfare administration and change in human services, combining rese

There is little bit of environmental knowledge which the students of Political Science have not studied in earlier time, but after 1970s, environmentalism became an important dimension of it. In the contemporary Political theory, the issue of environment, gender, political ecology, green politics, eco feminism, development and multiculturalism issues have come up in recent times. Therefore, the nature and scope of Political Science is widened. The reason is that issues of environment and natural resources have become one of the new emerging aspects of politics today. Environmental protection in India is involves by the local poor people, activists and disadvantages masses that have been directly affected the ecological environment. None of the academic researcher and protesters was undertaken on the construction of large Dams in the seismic active region of Assam and elsewhere in the Northeast India. The projects which have been affected the livelihood of the local people and even floods. The earnest concern of marginalisation by the tribal people of India and north east which has affected the life and livelihoods of the dam region. Many tribal people of the Northeast affect due to environment destruction because their cultural materials are associated with it. Now with the coming of industries and semi urban in the ecosystem region all the functional system of the ecosystem sites has been decreasing day by day. The paper tries to focus on the seismic active region and violation of environmental laws of Assam. This paper aim that development project dam affect the environment of Assam. The paper also focuses on the marginalisation of the tribal people of Assam. Mohon Rongphar "Development Project Affect the Environment of Assam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10913.pdf

The share of renewable energies in electricity production is still low in Europe but there is a political will to increase it in the future by the development of solar and wind energies but also by the development of electricity production from biogas. Biogas production from solid waste is developing in Europe but with important differences between countries. Germany is from far the country where biogas industry is the most developed with 62% of the European biogas plants. However, the latest support schemes implemented in Germany (2012 and 2014) have strongly slowed down the German biogas market. Italy is number two for the number of anaerobic plants. Biogas industry developed very rapidly till 2013 when Italy had the highest feed-in tariff in Europe. However Italy has revised its support scheme to redirect the biogas market towards small size plants based on animal and agricultural waste. The development of biogas in France started significantly at the end of the years 2000 with the implementation of the first support scheme. However, the biogas market is developing rather slowly due to the rather low feed-in tariffs implemented in France. The example of Germany shows clearly that biogas market dynamism is directly linked to the support schemes and the feed-in tariffs implemented. Indeed, biogas industry in Europe was performing rather well since recently, but negative changes or cuts in the support schemes in some countries during the last two years, particularly in Germany and Italy, have slowed down a lot the biogas market, phenomenon which should last in the coming years though some countries like UK or France are maintaining their policies in favor of biogas.However, several factors could favor the development of the biogas market: The acceptance of digestate as a fertilizer, the possible ban of land-filling and the limitation of incineration of organic waste.

International audience ; The share of renewable energies in electricity production is still low in Europe but there is a political will to increase it in the future by the development of solar and wind energies but also by the development of electricity production from biogas. Biogas production from solid waste is developing in Europe but with important differences between countries. Germany is from far the country where biogas industry is the most developed with 62% of the European biogas plants. However, the latest support schemes implemented in Germany (2012 and 2014) have strongly slowed down the German biogas market. Italy is number two for the number of anaerobic plants. Biogas industry developed very rapidly till 2013 when Italy had the highest feed-in tariff in Europe. However Italy has revised its support scheme to redirect the biogas market towards small size plants based on animal and agricultural waste. The development of biogas in France started significantly at the end of the years 2000 with the implementation of the first support scheme. However, the biogas market is developing rather slowly due to the rather low feed-in tariffs implemented in France. The example of Germany shows clearly that biogas market dynamism is directly linked to the support schemes and the feed-in tariffs implemented. Indeed, biogas industry in Europe was performing rather well since recently, but negative changes or cuts in the support schemes in some countries during the last two years, particularly in Germany and Italy, have slowed down a lot the biogas market, phenomenon which should last in the coming years though some countries like UK or France are maintaining their policies in favor of biogas.However, several factors could favor the development of the biogas market: The acceptance of digestate as a fertilizer, the possible ban of land-filling and the limitation of incineration of organic waste.

In the past decades, development cooperation (DC) led by conventional bi- and multilateral donors has been joined by a large number of small, private or public-private donors. This pluralism of actors raises questions as to whether or not these new donors are able to implement projects more or less effectively than their conventional counterparts. In contrast to their predecessors, the new donors have committed themselves to be more pragmatic, innovative and flexible in their development cooperation measures. However, they are also criticized for weakening the function of local civil society and have the reputation of being an intransparent and often controversial alternative to public services. With additional financial resources and their new approach to development, the new donors have been described in the literature as playing a controversial role in transforming development cooperation. This dissertation compares the effectiveness of initiatives by new and conventional donors with regard to the provision of public goods and services to the poor in the water and sanitation sector in India. India is an emerging country but it is experiencing high poverty rates and poor water supply in predominantly rural areas. It lends itself for analyzing this research theme as it is currently being confronted by a large number of actors and approaches that aim to find solutions for these challenges . In the theoretical framework of this dissertation, four governance configurations are derived from the interaction of varying actor types with regard to hierarchical and non-hierarchical steering of their interactions. These four governance configurations differ in decision-making responsibilities, accountability and delegation of tasks or direction of information flow. The assumption on actor relationships and steering is supplemented by possible alternative explanations in the empirical investigation, such as resource availability, the inheritance of structures and institutions from previous projects in a project context, ...

Because of the growing influence of China, the rapid economic development and the transformation of Chinese society have attracted the attention of analysts, politicians andmass media. There are, however, many aspects of these changes that are less well known. This is not only because of the sheer size of China ‐ with a population of more than 1.3 billion – but also because of the lack of information on the enormously large and varied rural areas, where still now more than 55% of the Chinese population lives.The great reform of the Chinese economy began 30 years ago in 1978. The basic change was liberalization of foreign trade, the socalled "Open Door Policy". This involved a deep reform of the economy and in particular of agriculture, which entailed the dismantling of the collectives and the establishment of a family‐based farming structure, the socalled "Household Responsibility System". The rapid development of the Chinese economy in recent decades is the result of the combined effect of these reforms. However the role that reforms in agriculture and rural areas have played in this transformation have often been overlooked, and in particular the effect of reliable food supplies on a continually growing population, such as the Chinese one. The great reduction in hunger and malnutrition, which in the past affected millions of Chinese citizens, has had a decisive impact on the reduction of poverty, thus increasing the social stability of the whole country.The aim of this work is to briefly describe the characteristics of the rapid Chinese economic development, then focusing on certain elements which have been coresponsible for the unequal development across China, pointing out the territorial disparities among the over thirty Chinese provinces and metropolitan zones and especially the differences between urban and rural areas.