Suchergebnisse

An article on the qualitatively new factors of the bilateral relations between Russia & the European Union in view of the expiration of the Partnership & Cooperation Agreement The EU's golden age with an economic growth of over 3 percent GDP has passed, present models of economic developments seem to have exhausted themselves, & optimism regarding the single currency of lower production costs & boosted competitiveness have been premature. All in all, the transformation into an independent financial & economic pole to broaden the post-WWII limits imposed by the US, has largely failed; recent expansions with East European struggling economies has been a strategic blunder, causing a considerable drop in GDP average & world economy shares, & stirring at the same time Mediterranean countries that found it was their turn to join. Furthermore, it has to cope with much more acute economic, social & other problems. How, then, should it develop into a global actor? An all-important message for Russia, that will have to deal with either individual European states, or the EU assembly. 1) it needs a mechanism of common foreign policy & consolidated positions of all members on foreign policy issues; 2) a restructuring of the trans-Atlantic sub-system of relations. The EU's position & politics have initiated a division of European countries into member states & "non-Europeans," the latter European geographically, but not part of the EU. In order to achieve EU-centrism Europe has been cut up, devaluating the Larger Europe project & other European organizations, reviving the East-West division of the continent & leaving behind about 200 million people. O. van Zijl

Award date: 1 October 2019 ; Examining Board: Professor Claire Kilpatrick, European University Institute (Supervisor) ; The Lisbon Treaty introduced in its Art. 3 new language into primary law that expresses the ambition to give the EU a stronger social dimension.1 In comparison to its predecessor provision of Art. 4 (1) of the Treaty Establishing the European Community, which solely relied on the 'principle of an open market economy with free competition', the basic objectives of the EU were broadened. Art. 3 TEU now includes objectives that come across as a promise to rebalance market and non-market values through the foundational provisions of the European Union. In line with other wide-ranging objectives, like fighting social exclusion, this article includes the eye-catching sentence that the EU aims for 'a highly competitive social market economy' that seeks to achieve 'full employment and social progress'

Preliminary Material /F. G. Von Der Dunk -- Introduction /F. G. Von Der Dunk -- 1. The Origins Of Authorisation: Article VI Of The Outer Space Treaty And International Space Law /F. G. Von Der Dunk -- 2. Brief Overview Over National Authorization Mechanisms In Implementation Of The UN International Space Treaties /I. Marboe and F. Hafner -- 3. Granting Access To Outer Space: Rights And Responsibilities For States And Their Citizens – An Alternative Approach To Article VI Of The Outer Space Treaty, Notably Through The Belgian Space Legislation /J.F. Mayence -- 4. Liability And Insurance In The Context Of National Authorisation /A. Kerrest De Rozavel and F. G. Von Der Dunk -- 5. Insurance In The Context Of National Authorisation /C. Gaubert -- 6. Environmental Protection And Space Debris Issues In The Context Of Authorisation /R. Tremayne-Smith -- 7. Safeguarding National Security And Foreign Policy Interests – Aspects Of Export Control Of Space Material And Technology And Remote Sensing Activities In Outer Space /M. Gerhard and M. Creydt -- 8. The Issue Of National Security In The Context Of National Space Legislation – Comparing European And Non-European States F.G. Von Der Dunk /F. G. Von Der Dunk -- 9. Space Tourism – The Authorisation Of Suborbital Space Transportation /M. Gerhard -- 10. Authorisation Of Space Activities After The Entry Into Force Of The EU Reform Treaty /B. Schmidt-Tedd -- 11. EU Competition Law And Issues Of National Authorisation Of Private Space Activities /L.J. Smith -- Index /F. G. Von Der Dunk -- Studies In Space Law /F. G. Von Der Dunk.

This book evaluates the application of the first autonomous European civil procedures: the European Order for Payment and the European Small Claims Procedure. The study offers an in-depth comparative and empirical analysis of the way these instruments function in interaction with national procedures in England and Wales, France, Italy, and Romania. The analysis combines available statistics with European and national case law, together with practitioners? experience. This approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the difficulties encountered, and of the solutions chosen to overcome procedural intricacies and to secure parties? procedural rights. The findings create a solid basis for enhancing judicial cooperation and addressing the practical aspects related to the application of the procedures. In its conclusion, the book discusses the ongoing developments taking shape in this area, and reflects on the implications that the legal standards established by the European uniform procedures have for future developments

By studying the factors underlying differences in trade performance across European economies, this paper derives six different "trade models" for 22 EU-countries and explores their developmental and distributional implications. We first introduce a typology of trade models by clustering countries based on four key dimensions of trade performance: endowments, technological specialization, labour market characteristics and regulatory requirements. The resulting clusters comprise countries that base their export success on similar trade models. Our results indicate the existence of six different trade models: the "primary goods model" (Latvia, Estonia), the "finance model" (Luxembourg), the "flexible labour market model" (UK), the "periphery model" (Greece, Portugal, Spain, Italy, France), the "industrial workbench model" (Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic), and the "high-tech model" (Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Finland, Germany and Austria). Subsequently, we comparatively analyse the economic development and trends in inequality across these trade models. We observe a shrinking wage share and increasing personal income inequality in most of the trade models. The "high-tech model" is an exceptional case, being characterised by a relatively stable economic development and an institutional setting that managed to counteract rising inequality.

By studying the factors underlying differences in trade performance across European economies, this paper derives six different "trade models" for 22 EU-countries and explores their developmental and distributional implications. We first introduce a typology of trade models by clustering countries based on four key dimensions of trade performance: endowments, technological specialization, labour market characteristics and regulatory requirements. The resulting clusters comprise countries that base their export success on similar trade models. Our results indicate the existence of six different trade models: the 'primary goods model' (Latvia, Estonia), the 'finance model' (Luxembourg), the 'flexible labour market model' (UK), the 'periphery model' (Greece, Portugal, Spain, Italy, France), the 'industrial workbench model' (Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic), and the 'high-tech model' (Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Finland, Germany and Austria). Subsequently, we comparatively analyse the economic development and trends in inequality across these trade models. We observe a shrinking wage share and increasing personal income inequality in most of the trade models. The 'high-tech model' is an exceptional case, being characterised by a relatively stable economic development and an institutional setting that managed to counteract rising inequality.

This paper investigates the impact of fiscal consolidation on economic growth in European Union countries, between 2004 and 2013. We construct a new dataset of exogenous fiscal adjustments, relying on legally binding recommendations issued to countries under Excessive Deficit Procedure, and we identify exogenous policy changes by using this dataset as instrumental variable in a GMM framework. We estimate the size of the fiscal multiplier both in a linear setting as well as in a state-dependent setting, considering four different circumstances: the state of the business cycle, the degree of openness to trade, the composition of the fiscal adjustment and the presence of a stressed credit market, as manifested by an impaired monetary policy transmission. We find that the size of the multiplier varies significantly under the various states: the distribution of multipliers is quite asymmetric, and a few consolidation episodes yield multipliers above one. We find that the composition of the fiscal adjustments is crucial in containing the output cost of consolidation, and in determining its persistence. Fiscal adjustments made via cuts to transfers and subsidies, or via tax increases, are usually associated with multipliers at or below unity, even when the economy is in recession. We also find evidence of confidence effects when consolidation is made under stressed credit markets and high interest rates. In a small number of episodes, involving open economies benefitting from confidence effects, we find that fiscal adjustments seem to be expansionary.

The literature on information economics serves the European Commission to justify the participation of interest groups in response to problems of asymmetric information in the European Union (EU) policy-making processes. Using the framework of the agency theory, the role of interest groups as information producers is incorporated into a model where the types of conditions in which they would have the incentive to cooperate in the production of information are examined. The results of the model show that the interest group's expected utility when acting independently is equal to the reserve utility, while it increases when acting cooperatively. It can therefore be concluded that incentives for cooperation in the production of information among interest groups exist. One potential policy implication for the EU is that the EC could decrease the conditions of the contracts, thereby diminishing the costs of obtaining information. ; peer-reviewed

The euro area (EA) plays a major role in the global economy. Market perceptions of events in the EA program countries illustrate the possibility of large spillovers from the area in times of stress. The prospect of large spillovers underscores the urgent need for actions to contain, and eventually overcome, the ongoing crisis. The planned fiscal consolidation in the EA could benefit the rest of the world. Spillovers from gradual monetary policy normalization appear manageable. Execution of the structural reform agenda will carry positive spillovers

The European Union is one of the world?s most complex political systems: this makes it a challenge to study. To the uninitiated its institutions seem remote, its remit unclear, its operations difficult to understand and its outputs sometimes perplexing. It combines some attributes of a state with those of an international organisation, yet it closely resembles neither. Its development is shaped by an increasing number of players, including 25 member governments, multiple common EU institutions, clusters of experts, private interests and citizen groups. All converge to influence what the EU is.

This paper concisely reviews what we know about the experience of an enlarging European Union with free movement of workers within its borders. We focus on the two most recent, Eastern, enlargement waves of 2004 and 2007. We first assess the actual migration flows following the enlargements against the pre-enlargement expectations and perceptions. We then review the effects of these flows on the labor markets of receiving as well as sending countries. We conclude that the available evidence does not indicate negative effects on the receiving countries' labor markets or welfare systems. From the sending countries' perspective the risks of out-migration lie in skill shortages in affected occupations or sectors as well as the potential (in)stability of their public finances, whereas the potential benefits may materialize through brain circulation. Overall, free mobility can be described as one of the key achievements, and success stories, of European integration.

1. Approaches to the study of party responses to European integration -- 2. An acquired taste for Europe : social democratic parties and European integration -- 3. Between reluctant Europeanism and hard Euroscepticism : radical left parties and European integration -- 4. Separate ways : liberal parties and European integration -- 5. Diluted Europeanism : Christian democratic parties and European integration -- 6. Europeanized Eurosceptics? : radical right parties and European integration.

How do young people with migration backgrounds take part in and shape urban leisure socialities in European cities? Presenting results of a long-term ethnographic research project carried out in ethnic club scenes in Paris, London and Berlin, this book challenges assumptions about migrant community dynamics and ethnic segregation. Examining both heteronormative and «queer» scenes, the contributors to this volume give insights into how clubbing socialities are related to the wider life contexts of different postmigrant groups and the challenges they face in metropolitan centres. Far from simply