Suchergebnisse

The presence of a language in the digital domain is crucial for its survival, as online communication and digital language resources have become the standard in the last decades and will gain more importance in the coming years. In order to develop advanced systems that are considered the basics for an efficient digital communication (e.g. machine translation systems, text-to-speech and speech-to-text converters and digital assistants), it is necessary to digitalise linguistic resources and create tools. In the case of Basque, scholars have studied the creation of digital linguistic resources and the tools that allow the development of those systems for the last forty years. In this paper, we present an overview of the natural language processing and language technology resources developed for Basque, their impact in the process of making Basque a "digital language" and the applications and challenges in multilingual communication. More precisely, we present the well-known products for Basque, the basic tools and the resources that are behind the products we use every day. Likewise, we would like that this survey serves as a guide for other minority languages that are making their way to digitalisation.
Received: 05 April 2022Accepted: 20 May 2022

Examines choices regarding language of instruction in multilingual countries with traditional minority groups, which were under colonial domination into the 20th century. Some focus on the Philippines, Cameroon, Indonesia, Tanzania, Kenya, Papua New Guinea, Guatemala, Colombia, and Peru.

AbstractBy providing evidence that sign language is an autonomous language, research has contributed to various changes both within and beyond the signing communities. The aim of this article is to show an example of how sign language change is driven not only by language internal factors but also by changes in language perception, as well as in the changing groups of users and the contexts of use. Drawing from data collected at a sign language research centre in Italy on Italian Sign Language during a time span of over thirty years, the present study will show how language research was a major impetus for a new linguistic awareness and changes in language attitude has influenced new linguistic practices and has forced Italian signers to think about rules governing the use of their language.

Language problems potentially exist at all levels of human activity, including the local contexts of communities and institutions. This volume examines the ways in which language planning works as a local activity in a wide variety of contexts around the world and dealing with a wide range of language planning issues

This paper explores ways in which language ideology is linked to maintenance of Korean as a heritage language by Koreans in America. The data for this ethnographic study come from three separate sources: 1) a Korean language program at an American university; 2) a community-based ESL program for Korean seniors; and 3) a recently immigrated Korean family. Data collection methods include participant observation; informal conversations with the participants; in-depth interviews; and on-site document analysis. Through regular and sustained interaction with participants in the three research sites over a period of three years, the findings provide insights into ways in which the participants' attitudes toward language learning and maintenance are continuously shaped and revised based on their life circumstances. This paper describes each participant's language attitudes as fluid entities operating on a continuum of assimilationist ideologies on the one end and pluralist ideologies on the other.

The article presents the characteristics of the language used in the prison employees and inmates. There is a nonverbal language, gesture that is learned by imitation two social categories in the everyday interaction. And there are two types of verbal language - one official and one secret slang. In the universe of prison three languages intertwine not possible without each other. To understand the functioning of an institution's total language understanding is essential, for it is vital for human interaction flow, understanding and functioning of formal and informal rules for the two categories internalization of social values.

"Through an examination of the Irish language context this volume examines the changing value and function of minority languages and what this may mean for future efforts to revive the Irish language. It provides an account of four sites of minority language use including television, comedy, Hip Hop, and tourism. Each of these sites represents domains in which the use of Irish has changed significantly as a consequence of processes of globalization. Through an examination of these four areas, it becomes clear that they offer transgressive spaces for minority language ideologies and use"--

Preface; David E. DeMatthews, Elena Izquierdo -- Injustice and Redemption: The Education of Latinx Emergent Bilinguals; David E. DeMatthews, Elena Izquierdo -- Part I: Setting the "State": The Old and Subtractive Ways Haven't Worked -- Bilingual Education Policy in Texas: Promise and Lost Opportunities; David Hinojosa -- Compounded Inequities: Tracking School Finance Equity for Districts Serving Low-Income Emergent Bilingual Students; David S. Knight, Jesus Mendoza -- Assessment and English Language Learners in Special Education; Edgar M. Torres Ovando, Danika L. S. Maddocks, Angela Valenzuela -- To Want the Unwanted: English Language Learners on the Border; Reynaldo Reyes III -- Part II: Bilingualism, Biliteracy, and Dual Language Education -- Dual Language Education for All; Wayne P. Thomas, Virginia Collier -- A More Comprehensive Perspective in Understanding the Development and Learning in Dual Language Learners; Eugene E. García -- Biliteracy and Translanguaging in Dual Language Bilingual Education; Susana Ibarra Johnson, Ofelia García, Kate Seltzer -- Preparing Leaders for Latina/o Academic and Language Success: Frameworks, Perspectives and Strategies; Juan Manuel Niño, Enrique Alemán, Jr. -- Part III: Leading the Way to Dual Language Education -- Dual Language for All: Central Office Leadership in the El Paso Independent School District; Elena Izquierdo, David E. DeMatthews, David Knight, James Coviello -- Leading Dual Language: Twenty Years of Innovation in a Borderland Elementary School; Elena Izquierdo, David E. DeMatthews, Estefania Balderas, Becca Gregory -- A School Leadership Framework for Dual Language; David E. DeMatthews, Elena Izquierdo, Stephen Kotok -- The Challenges of Recruiting and Retaining Dual Language Teachers; Elizabeth Howard, Angela M. López-Velásquez -- Implications for the Future; Elena Izquierdo, David E. DeMatthews

As línguas de sinais que são visuais-espaciais oferecem um campo de análise que se refere aos possíveis efeitos que a diferença na modalidade pode implicar para as teorias lingüísticas e para as análises discursivas. Neste artigo, vamos nos deter a discutir os efeitos de modalidade na perspectiva teórica apresentando uma revisão dos estudos clássicos das línguas de sinais, bem como dos estudos que buscam compreender as especificidades dessas línguas.