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"The definition of organised crime has long been the object of lively debate, at national and international level. Sociological and legal analysis has not yet led to one definitive answer to the question of what exactly 'organised crime' means. Nonetheless, many instruments adopted both at international and national levels set forth special legal regimes designed to target criminal groups featuring a stable organisation, which are perceived as particularly dangerous to society. Therefore, identifying the notion of organised crime is crucial to establishing the scope of any legal instrument specifically designed for combating it. The aim of this book is to reassess the scope, the effectiveness and the overall coherence of existing definitions of organised crime, and to identify any need for a reconsideration of these definitions, specifically with reference to the EU legal order. It will be of interest to academics, practitioners and legislators working in the sphere of EU criminal law and of organised crime more generally."--Bloomsbury Publishing

ch. 1. What is organized crime? -- ch. 2. Characteristic organized crimes I : conspiracy and provision of illicit goods and services -- ch. 3. Characteristic organized crimes II : infiltration of business, extortion, and racketeering -- ch. 4. Causes of organized crime : influences on individuals -- ch. 5. How organized crime is organized : types of organizations -- ch. 6. The mafia : 100 years of historical facts and myths -- ch. 7. Changes in organized crime : from local to transnational -- ch. 8. Transnational organized crime -- ch. 9. Investigative tools -- ch. 10. Prosecution strategies -- ch. 11. Organizing a criminal defense -- ch. 12. Sentencing and prevention of organized crime.

Trafficking of human beings is a widespread practice in the modern world. It has been estimated that up to 800,000 people, especially women and children, are trafficked all around the world each year.1Virtually all States are affected,2and traffickers are believed to make between $7 and $10 billion annually from the trafficking business.3In order to combat trafficking, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Trafficking Protocol) was adopted in December 2000, within the framework of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Organized Crime Convention).4

Leading organized crime problems -- Asian authorities' perspective -- American authorities' viewpoint -- Scope and patterns of organized crime -- Specialization -- Structure or opportunity? -- The flow -- Threat, impact and harm to the United States

AbstractTransnational criminal law treaties could give rise to public interest litigation concerning the breach of an obligation erga omnes partes, meaning an obligation owed by one state party to all other states parties. This article aims to contribute to scholarship on the subject of erga omnes or 'community interest' norms by exploring the potential for international litigation concerning non-compliance with obligations under two transnational criminal law treaties in particular: the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the United Nations Convention against Corruption. Transnational criminal law treaties have been overlooked in the existing literature on community interest norms, even though states parties have a common interest in ensuring compliance with the obligations assumed under these instruments, and the treaties have the potential, at least in theory, to give rise to public interest litigation. International courts and tribunals, as well as scholars, can and ought to engage in deeper analyses of what constitutes an obligation erga omnes partes under a multilateral treaty.

The article deals with the criminalization of transnational criminal acts, which is required by international legal acts, primarily the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime of November 15, 2000 and its Protocols. Transnational crime, which ignores state borders and all norms of international law, is of particular concern throughout the world. The struggle against it is impossible by the forces of even large countries and requires the joint efforts of the majority of states. The article notes that the majority of transnational crimes are international (transnational) in nature, the criminal law prohibition of such crimes is defined in national legislation, which determines the main difficulty of cooperation in combating them. Transnational crimes (terrorism, nuclear terrorism, bombing terrorism, hostage taking, drug business, human trafficking, corruption, money laundering, cybercrime, sea piracy, aircraft seizure, ecocide, illicit manufacturing and trafficking in firearms, etc.) a group of especially dangerous, guilty, harmful crimes, for which harsh penalties are envisaged, however, there are disagreements in national legislation regarding their criminalization, predeniya concepts penalties extradition individual structural elements et al., which complicates the development of cooperation and interaction. The definition of the concept of criminalization and penalization is given. Criminalization is defined as a process that covers the result of the recognition of certain types of acts criminal and criminal, an element of which is penalization (the definition of criminal punishment for acts already recognized as crimes), as well as the differentiation of criminal responsibility.The author pays special attention to the concept of transnational crime, international legal criminalization of certain types of transnational crimes defined by the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime in 2000 (participation in a criminal organized group, laundering of proceeds of crime, corruption, obstruction of justice) and other international legal acts.Author comes to the conclusion that the criminalization of transnational crimes, which include numerous conventional crimes, takes place on the basis of international and regional conventions through the adoption by States of mandatory or strongly recommended standards for the criminalization of transnationally-dangerous acts.Among the international legal acts concerning the criminalization of transnational criminal activities, the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000, which identifies especially dangerous crimes requiring criminalization, such as participation in an organized criminal group, money laundering from criminal activities, is important, corruption, obstruction of the administration of justice.Keywords: transnational crime, convention, criminalization, penalization, criminality, punishment ; У статті висвітлюються питання криміналізації транснаціональних злочинних діянь, що вимагається міжнародно-правовими актами, у першу чергу Конвенцією ООН проти транснаціональної організованої злочинності від 15 листопада 2000 р. та протоколами до неї. Транснаціональна злочинність, яка ігнорує державні кордони й усі норми міжнародного права, викликає особливу занепокоєність в усьому світі. Боротьба з нею неможлива силами навіть крупних країн і вимагає спільних зусиль більшості держав. У статті зазначається, що більшість транснаціональних злочинів мають інтернаціональний (транснаціональний) характер, кримінально-правова заборона таких злочинів визначена в національному законодавстві, що визначає головну складність співробітництва в боротьбі з ними. Транснаціональні злочини (тероризм, ядерний тероризм, бомбовий тероризм, захоплення заручників, наркобізнес, торгівля людьми, корупція, відмивання коштів, здобутих незаконним шляхом, кіберзлочини, морське піратство, захоплення повітряних суден, екоцид, незаконне виготовлення і обіг вогнепальної зброї тощо) становлять групу особливо небезпечних, винних, шкідливих злочинів, за які передбачені суворі міри покарання, проте в національних законодавствах існують й розбіжності щодо їх криміналізації, визначення понять, міри покарання, екстрадиції, окремих структурних елементів тощо, що ускладнює розвиток співробітництва та взаємодії. Дається визначення поняття криміналізації та пеналізації. Криміналізація визначається як процес, який охоплює результат визнання певних видів діянь злочинними та кримінально карними, елементом чого є й пеналізація (встановлення кримінального покарання за діяння, вже визнані злочинними), а також диференціація кримінальної відповідальності.Автор приділяє особливу увагу поняттю транснаціонального злочину, міжнародно-правовій криміналізації окремих видів транснаціональних злочинів, визначених Конвенцією ООН проти транснаціональної організованої злочинності 2000 р. (участь в злочинній організованій групі, відмивання доходів від злочинної діяльності, корупція, перешкоджання здійсненню правосуддя) та інших міжнародно-правових актів.Ключові слова: транснаціональний злочин, конвенція, криміналізація, пеналізація, злочинність діяння, караність

Based on three case studies of transnational organized environmental crime, this chapter, on the one hand, aims to illustrate some direct and indirect harm caused by environmental black markets. On the other hand, it aims to critically assess the often artificial distinction between organized and corporate crime in environmental crimes. Since the 1990s, so-called green criminologists have critically studied the environment in the broadest sense of the word, focusing on various forms of environmental harm, crime and regulation, often drawing parallels between ecological and socioeconomic or political inequalities. Waste crime is the trade, treatment or disposal of waste in ways that breach international or domestic environmental legislation and cause harm or risk to the environment and human health. Wildlife crime is one of the areas that have long been recognized as a key environmental crisis. Many species, both big and small, are on the brink of extinction or have gone extinct because of trade and poaching.