Intelligence Reform in Brazil: A Long, Drawn-Out Process
The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08850607.2015.1022469 ; In our edited book, Reforming Intelligence: Obstacles to Democratic Control and Effectiveness, Steven Boraz and I argued that intelligence should be analyzed as a subset of civil-military relations. In addition to the three reasons given there-that intelligence is a monopoly of the military in most non-democratic regimes; that even in older democracies including the United States the military plays a very large role in intelligence; and that both exist to ensure national security - another can be added, at least in the case of Brazil, that while democratic civilian control has been achieved, minimal attention and commitment are given to achieving effectiveness.