Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- A Case Study Approach -- Sender Countries and Their Motives -- Limitations on the Use of Sanctions -- Historical Overview -- Plan of the Book -- Appendix 1A -- Chapter 2 Analyzing the Utility of Sanctions -- Anatomy of a Sanctions Episode -- Framework for Analysis -- Foreign Policy Goals -- Overview of the Variables Affecting the Costs of Defiance and Compliance -- Chapter 3 Political Variables -- Modest Changes in Policy -- Regime Change -- Disrupting Military Adventures -- Impairing Military Potential -- Other Major Policy Changes -- Politics, the Cold War, and Sanctions Targets -- Appendix 3A -- Chapter 4 Economic Variables -- Size of Sender and Target Countries -- Trade Linkages -- Types of Sanctions -- Economic Health and Political Stability of Target Countries -- Cost of Sanctions to Targets -- Costs of Sanctions to Senders -- Appendix 4A -- Chapter 5 Sanctions after the Cold War -- Evolution of US Sanctions Policy -- New Targets and Goals for Sanctions -- The United Nations and Postwar Sanctions Policy -- Congressional Intervention in Sanctions Policy -- State and Local Government Sanctions -- The Incredible Lightness of "Smart Sanctions -- New Challenges for Sanctions Policy -- Appendix 5A -- Chapter 6 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- Are Sanctions Effective? -- Policy Recommendations: Using Sanctions More Effectively -- Conclusion: Look Before You Leap -- Appendix A Econometric Analysis of Economic Sanctions -- Appendix B Impact of US Economic Sanctions on Trade -- Appendix C Methodology Used to Estimate the Costs of Sanctions to the Target Country -- Bibliography -- About the Authors -- Index.

People passionately disagree about the nature of the globalization process. The failure of both the 1999 and 2003 World Trade Organization's (WTO) ministerial conferences in Seattle and Cancun, respectively, have highlighted the tensions among official, international organizations like the WTO, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, nongovernmental and private sector organizations, and some developing country governments. These tensions are commonly attributed to longstanding disagreements over such issues as labor rights, environmental standards, and tariff-cutting rules. In addition, developing countries are increasingly resentful of the burdens of adjustment placed on them that they argue are not matched by commensurate commitments from developed countries. Challenges to Globalization evaluates the arguments of pro-globalists and anti-globalists regarding issues such as globalization's relationship to democracy, its impact on the environment and on labor markets including the brain drain, sweat shop labor, wage levels, and changes in production processes, and the associated expansion of trade and its effects on prices. Baldwin, Winters, and the contributors to this volume look at multinational firms, foreign investment, and mergers and acquisitions and present surprising findings that often run counter to the claim that multinational firms primarily seek countries with low wage labor. The book closes with papers on financial opening and on the relationship between international economic policies and national economic growth rates