Suchergebnisse

The political meaning of informal urbanisation / Roberto Rocco and Jan van Ballegooijen -- Ahmedabad : urban informality and the production of exclusion / Vrushti Mawani, Michael Leaf -- Ankara : struggles for housing : legitimate, self-contradictory or both? : impacts of clientelism and rights-seeking on informal housing in Ankara / Yelda Kizildag Özdemirli -- Balkans : informal settlements in the Balkans : squatters' magic realism vs. planners' modernist fantasy vs. governments' tolerance and opportunism / Dorina Pojani -- Beirut : Dahiye : an active space for social justice and resistance : re-imagining informality in light of growing urban marginality / Nabil Nazha -- Belo Horizonte : new urban occupations in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte and the struggle for housing rights / Maria Tereza Fonseca Dias, Juliano dos Santos Calixto, Larissa Pirchiner de Oliveira Vieira, Ananda Martins Carvalho, Carolina Spyer Vieira Assad, Lucas Nasser Marques de Souza, Fúlvio Alvarenga Sampaio, Julia Dinardi Alves Pinto, and Marcos Bernardes Rosa -- Cairo : right to the city and public space in post-revolutionary Cairo / Noheir Elgendy, Alessandro Frigerio -- Fortaleza : informal urbanization versus modernization : popular resistance in Fortaleza, Brazil / Germana Câmara , Clarissa Freitas and Beatriz Rufino -- Guangzhou : fewer contestations, more negotiations : a multi-scalar understanding of the "politics of informal urbanization" in southern China / Josefine Fokdal, Peter Herrle -- Guayaquil : conflicting competences in Guayaquil's contested and (in)formal periphery / Alina Delgado, Olga Peek, Viviana d'Auria -- Hanoi : a study of informally developed housing and its role in the political arena of a post-reform communist city / Stephanie Geertman and Boram Kim -- Harare : informality and urban citizenship : housing struggles in Hharare, Zimbabwe / Davison Muchadenyika, Molin K. Chakamba, and Patience Mguni -- Jerusalem : the multifaceted politics of informality in Jerusalem at the time of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict / Francesco Chiodelli -- Johannesburg : the political ecology of the right to the rainbow city informal spaces and practices and the quest for socio-environmental rights in urbanizing Johannesburg / Costanza La Mantia, Dylan Weakley -- Khartoum : the politics of displacement in a conflictive polity / Budoor Bukhari, Tasneem Nagi -- Lima : Lima, informal urbanization and the state : the rise and fall of urban populism in Lima / Matteo Stiglich , Adrián Lerner -- Mashhad : claiming the right to the city : informal urbanisation in the holy city of Mashhad / Elham Bahmanteymouri, Mohsen Mohammadzadeh -- Medellin : performative infrastructures : medellin's governmental technologies of informality : the case of the encircled garden project in Comuna 8 / Catalina Ortiz, Camillo Boano -- Mumbai : profit versus people : the struggle for inclusion in Mumbai / Rohan Varma, Kritika Sha -- Nairobi : the socio-political implications of informal tenement housing in Nairobi, Kenya / Miriam Maina & Baraka Mwau -- Port au Prince : Haiti's disaster urbanism : the emerging city of Canaan / Angela Sherwood, Laura Smits, Anna Konotchick -- Rio de Janeiro : tackling informality in low-income housing : the case of the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro / Alex Ferreira Magalhães -- São Paulo : Cortiços : interstitial urbanization in central São Paulo / Jeroen Stevens, Bruno De Meulder, Débora Sanches -- São Paulo : occupations : a pedagogy of confrontation : informal building occupations in São Paulo's central neighbourhoods / Alexandre Apsan Frediani, Beatrice De Carli, Benedito Roberto Barbosa, Francisco de Assis Comarú, Ricardo de Sousa Moretti -- Seoul : the evolution of informal settlers' political gains in changing state regimes in Seoul / Boram Kim, Hogeun Park, Jaehyeon Park -- Yogyakarta : slum dwellers strategies and tactics in Yogyakarta, Indonesia / Sonia Roitman.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand how to build and implement information and communication technology (i.e. ICT) to help vulnerable people when significant social, cultural and economic barriers exist between the stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachThe authors followed an action research approach to design and implement a mobile health hypertension education application to help India's most vulnerable populations. The authors used interpretive analysis, guided by the sustainable livelihoods framework, to uncover key findings.FindingsSuccessfully implementing information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) requires understanding that all stakeholders (i.e. donors, facilitators and the beneficiaries) have important assets to contribute. Facilitators play an important role in connecting donors to the beneficiaries and fostering cultural humility in donors so that the donors will understand the role beneficiaries play in success. Stakeholders may use the ICT4D in unintended ways that both improve the people's health and increase some beneficiaries' financial livelihood.Research limitations/implicationsThis research expands the definition of information systems success when implementing ICT4D in resource-constrained environments. Success is more than creating an mHealth app that was easy for beneficiaries to use and where they learned based on a pre- and post-test statistical analysis. Success involved development in all the stakeholders impacted by the social innovation collaboration. For the beneficiary community, success included getting screened for noncommunicable diseases as a first step toward treatment. For the facilitator, success involved more resources for their community health program. Amongst the donors, success was a change in perspective and learning cultural humility.Practical implicationsAlthough universities encourage faculty to work in interdisciplinary research teams to address serious world problems, university researchers may have to exert considerable effort to secure contracts, approvals and payments. Unfortunately, universities may not reward this effort to build ICT4D and continue to evaluate faculty based on journal publications. When universities undertake social innovation collaborations, administrators should ensure responsive and flexible university processes as well as appropriate academic reward structures are in place. This need is heightened when collaborations involve international partners with limited resources and time needed to build relationships and understanding across cultures.Social implicationsThis study discovered the importance of fostering cultural humility as a way of avoiding potential conflicts that may arise from cultural and power differences. Cultural humility moves the focus of donor-beneficiary relationships away from getting comfortable with "them" to taking actions that develop relationships and address vulnerabilities (Fisher-Borne et al., 2015). This research shows how the facilitator helped the donor develop cultural humility by involving the donor in various initiatives with the beneficiary community including allowing the donor to live in a dormitory at the hospital, work in an urban slum and visit health screening campus.Originality/valueThis study (1) extends the ICT4D literature by incorporating cultural humility into the sustainable livelihoods framework, (2) provides a contextual understanding of developing cultural humility in ICT4D projects with a complex group of stakeholders and (3) describes how facilitators become a catalyst for change and a bridge to the community. The culturally humble approach suggests revising the livelihood framework to eliminate words like "the poor" to describe beneficiaries.

This research discusses the rejection of Anak Dalam Ethnic transmigrants in Padang Tarok Village, Kamang Baru District, Sijunjung Regency. The purpose of this study is to explain and describe the reasons for the local community of Padang Tarok Village to reject the Anak Dalam Ethnic Transmigrant and to analyze it using the Social Exclusion by Rene Lenoir. This research uses a qualitative approach. The selection of informants was carried out by purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out using involved observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The result of the study shows that the rejection of Anak Dalam Ethnic transmigrants occurs because of differences in religious and cultural values between the Anak Dalam Ethnic and the local community of Padang Tarok Village. Due to differences in religious and cultural values between the Anak Dalam Ethnic and the local community, the transmigration program for the Anak Dalam Ethnic was not implemented according to the plan ; This research discusses the rejection of Suku Anak Dalam transmigrants in Nagari Padang Tarok, Kamang Baru District, Sijunjung Regency. The purpose of this study is to explain and describe the reasons for the local community of Nagari Padang Tarok to reject the Suku Anak Dalam Transmigrant and to analyze it using the Social Exclusion by Rene Lenoir. This research uses a qualitative approach. The selection of informants was carried out by purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out by means of involved observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The result (1) the role of the head of the Nagari Customary density (KAN) (2) the role of Tungku Tigo Sajarangan consisting of: niniak mamak, alim ulama, cadiak pandai. Internal factors, are: (1) The existence of a Joint Statement Letter of Niniak Mamak Traditional Stakeholders with the Government regarding the Implementation of the Transmigration Program in Nagari Padang Tarok (2) Adat Basandi Syarak , Syarak Basandi Kitabullah as the Basic Life of the Nagari Padang Tarok Local Community (3) The Anak Dalam tribe does not want to embrace Islam (4) There is fear because the Anak Dalam tribe is still primitive (5) The Anak Tribe takes the community's crops given not occupied by the Suku Anak Dalam. External factors are: (1) Community leaders and local communities of Nagari Padang Tarok have not received any socialization and information regarding the arrival of Suku Anak Dalam transmigrants (2) Suku Anak Dalam has no religion (3) Suku Anak Dalam is willing to embrace an official religion but not Islam. (4) Suku Anak Dalam have immunity to state laws (5) The environment where the tribe lives and the living habits of the Suku Anak Dalam are very slum (6) The Suku Anak Dalam has supernatural powers (7) The Suku Anak Dalam is very closed and rarely socializes with the community (8) Javanese transmigrants also rejected the Suku Anak Dalam transmigrants. (9) The Sijunjung Regency Manpower and Transmigration Service did not try to convince the local Padang Tarok community regarding the Suku Anak Dalam transmigrants.

This study examined water struggles and rural people's experiences of waiting in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province. Primarily, it investigated how such struggles connect to people's experiences of waiting for water services. In essence, the study demonstrates how experiences of waiting are profoundly shaped by subjective meanings that the rural people attach to water at a local level. Thus, the study connects rural water politics to contested meanings over natural resources in South Africa's communal areas. The empirical analysis in this study goes beyond the largely urban focus in the focus in the politics of waiting – mainly in the informal settlements, slums and other urban peripheries. The study presents some of the less known struggles of rural dwellers, particularly their experiences of waiting for water service provision from the state. South Africa's Constitution promotes the right to clean water. Despite all the progress made by the democratic government, it is still evident that people in deep rural areas of South Africa are in a very precarious situation when it comes to accessing clean water. The study utilised Auyero (2011) concept of the politics of waiting to examine the poor people's experiences of waiting for water. The study adopted a case study of Lower Didimana village. The researcher conducted a range of qualitative research techniques – the key informant interviews, focus group discussions, observations and semi-structured interviews. The study found that rural residents of South Africa continue to wait for long periods for water service provision in the current democratic era. Moreover, they are still faced with severe challenges of accessing water; as a result, they are left with no better option but to use traditional ways of retrieving water. It also found that there are strong cultural and spiritual claims that rural dwellers attach to water. To them water is not just only a physiological need which could be addressed through efficient state service – the provision of sufficient tap water. Water is deeply connected in human existence. Just like land, water is a cultural as well as spiritual resource. As such, rural experiences of waiting are not limited to state agency and how the poor experience the state, but are also influences by local struggles over meanings of water. Finally, the study reveals the limitation in state policy on water provision, which is locked in a purely engineering use based paradigm, which mainly strives to address (technically) scarcity of drinking water. However, the findings of this study demonstrates that drinking is just one function of water. Although villagers try to mobilise to engage the state while waiting for water service they articulate other claims that connect to diverse water meanings. Such meanings are barely captured in contemporary literature on rural politics of water. As such, although water is increasing becoming scarce in rural South Africa and the state intervention is increasingly demanded, villagers' experiences of waiting in Lower Didimana remain strongly connected to what water means to locals. ; Thesis (MSoc Sci) (Rural Development) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021

En el presente artículo nos proponemos analizar el Poder Judicial en situaciones de desalojo de ocupaciones de suelo urbano realizadas por sectores populares carentes de vivienda. Esto implica interrogarnos sobre los modos en que un ámbito del derecho problematiza los conflictos urbanos y los roles que ocupan los organismos judiciales en ellos, así como el contexto en el que actúan. Para ello indagaremos dos casos que sucedieron en terrenos de propiedad del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, en porciones diferenciadas dentro de villas en proceso de re-urbanización. La gestión del desalojo de la Villa Papa Francisco (Villa Lugano, cercana al asentamiento de igual nombre) se realizó mediante una causa judicial penal y la del Elefante Blanco (Mataderos, cercana a la Villa 15) fue realizada de hecho por el gobierno local, a posteriori de la actuación del Fuero Contencioso Administrativo y Tributario en relación al saneamiento del lugar. Esta última expulsión fue avalada por dicho fuero en una modalidad gubernamental de arreglo familia por familia. Para el primer caso de desahucio se utilizó la violencia policial y para el segundo la coacción institucional formal e informal. Esto significó construcciones disimiles de legitimación y deslegitimación de los ocupantes y sus modos de desalojo. Se presentan aquí los resultados parciales de un estudio cualitativo sobre judicialización de conflictos por el acceso al suelo urbano que recurre en diversos tipos de fuentes que son trianguladas: a) documentos emitidos en los tribunales; b) entrevistas a informantes claves dentro del Poder Judicial, dirigentes barriales y pobladores desalojados, miembros de ONGs y universidades, etc.; c) prensa escrita. ; In this article we propose to analyse the Judicial Power in situations of eviction of urban land occupations carried out by popular sectors without housing.This involves asking ourselves about the ways in which the law problematizes urban conflicts and the sometimes contradictory roles that judicial bodies occupy.In turn, it requires incorporating the context of state intervention processes.To do this we will explore two cases that happened on land owned by the Government of the Buenos Aires's City, in differentiated portions within the slumsupgrading.The management of the eviction of the Papa Francisco slum was carried out through a criminal court case and the Elefante Blanco was carried out in fact by the local government, after the performance of the Contentious Administrative Jurisdiction in relation to the sanitation of the place. This last expulsion was endorsed by said jurisdiction in a government modality of family arrangement by family.Police violence was used for the first case of eviction and formal and informal institutional coercion was used for the second.This meant dissimilar constructions of legitimization and no legitimization of the occupants and their modes of eviction.We present here the partial results of a qualitative study on the judicialization of conflicts over access to urban land, which resorts to different types of sources that are triangulated: a) documents issued in the courts; b) interviews with key informants within the Judicial Power, neighbourhood leaders and evicted residents, members of NGOs and universities, etc .; c) written press. ; Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

Despite the efforts made towards the Millennium Development Goals targets during the last decade, improved access to water supply or basic sanitation still remains unavailable for millions of people across the world. This paper proposes a set of models that use 25 key variables and country profiles from the WatSan4Dev data set involving water supply and sanitation (Dondeynaz et al., 2012). This paper suggests the use of Bayesian network modelling methods because they are more easily adapted to deal with non-normal distributions, and integrate a qualitative approach for data analysis. They also offer the advantage of integrating preliminary knowledge into the probabilistic models. The statistical performance of the proposed models ranges between 20 and 5% error rates, which are very satisfactory taking into account the strong heterogeneity of variables. Probabilistic scenarios run from the models allow an assessment of the relationships between human development, external support, governance aspects, economic activities and water supply and sanitation (WSS) access. According to models proposed in this paper, gaining a strong poverty reduction will require the WSS access to reach 75–76% through: (1) the management of ongoing urbanisation processes to avoid slums development; and (2) the improvement of health care, for instance for children. Improving governance, such as institutional efficiency, capacities to make and apply rules, or control of corruption is positively associated with WSS sustainable development. The first condition for an increment of the HDP (human development and poverty) remains of course an improvement of the economic conditions with higher household incomes. Moreover, a significant country commitment to the environment, associated with civil society freedom of expression constitutes a favourable setting for sustainable WSS services delivery. Intensive agriculture using irrigation practises also appears as a mean for sustainable WSS thanks to multi-uses and complementarities. With a WSS sector organised at national level, irrigation practices can support the structuring and efficiency of the agriculture sector. It may then induce rural development in areas where WSS access often is set back compared to urban areas 1 . External financial support, called Official Development Assistance (ODA CI), plays a role in WSS improvement but comes last in the sensitivity analyses of models. An overall 47% of the Official Development Assistance goes first to poor countries, and is associated to governance aspects: (1) political stability and (2) country commitment to the environment and civil society degree of freedom. These governance aspects constitute a good framework for aid implementation in recipient countries. Modelling is run with the five groups of countries as defined in Dondeynaz et al. (2012). Models for profile 4 (essential external support) and profile 5 (primary material consumption) are specifically detailed and analysed in this paper. For countries in profile 4, fighting against water scarcity and progressing desertification should be the priority. However, for countries in profile 5, efforts should first concentrate on consolidation of political stability while supporting diversification of the economic activities. Nevertheless, for both profiles, reduction of poverty should remain the first priority as previously indicated. 1 JMP statistics, 2004 http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ , last access: 22 July 2013.

The thesis is a substantial contribution to the debate on composite systems for the provision of services in the global South, as well as on the informal sector, with the aim of moving beyond dual approaches to a more political approach by showing the overlap between the formal and the informal.In Douala city, rapid population growth and expansion of the city have led to an increase in the demand for water by the urban population. Paradoxically, since 1980s, the State has significantly cut down on construction and development in the city suburbs, most particularly with regard to investment in water and sanitation services. Therefore, a sizable proportion of urban dwellers live in unplanned areas and slums without either decent housing or access to safe drinking water and acceptable sanitation systems. My research highlights that the uneven access of population to public service led to the development of informal water provision. This study focuses on private water providers (small scale water providers, Big Men), largely informal, in a context of liberalization of urban water sector. The research is a renewed analysis of the problematic of urban service provision in the global South. It brings in new perspectives i.e. the technical systems and economic characteristics of the private offers; informal water provision and its link with the production of urban space; informal practices of urban elite and their links with State apparatus and politics in water sector. ; À Douala au Cameroun, à la suite de réformes de privatisation et de libéralisation du secteur de l'approvisionnement en eau potable, l'enjeu de construction du service d'eau est de concilier efficacité économique et équité socio-spatiale. Cet objectif double suppose le rattrapage du service au profit des quartiers défavorisés des périphéries en développement, à travers le réseau conventionnel. Les effets des réformes fondées sur le paradigme de l'infrastructure unitaire sont controversés. Ainsi, aux marges et dans les interstices du service officiel de distribution d'eau, l'entrepreneuriat privé, le plus souvent informel, a émergé. Cette thèse porte sur l'entrepreneuriat privé, dans ses dimensions économique et politique, pour montrer dans quelle mesure les entrepreneurs privés participent à la gouvernance locale et à la cohésion urbaine. La recherche souhaite apporter deux contributions substantielles aux débats sur les services dans les villes du Sud : la première sur les systèmes composites de fourniture, marqués par l'hétérogénéité des infrastructures techniques, en réponse à une demande hétérogène de services urbains ; la deuxième sur l'informel, dans l'optique de dépasser les approches duales pour montrer l'imbrication entre le formel et l'informel. Ce travail de recherche met en évidence l'importance des ressources foncières dans la construction de dispositifs techniques, rendant compte de la production de l'espace urbain dans sa dimension informelle. L'étude démontre également que des coalitions d'acteurs privés et d'acteurs publics, mais aussi d'acteurs chevauchant entre la sphère politique et la sphère économique, les Big-Men, organisent le marché de l'eau. De l'échelle centrale à l'échelle locale, sont analysées les pratiques informelles courantes au sein de l'appareil politico-administratif, et les arrangements avec les entrepreneurs privés. Ces arrangements permettent de rendre compte des mécanismes de redéploiement de l'action publique.

The thesis is a substantial contribution to the debate on composite systems for the provision of services in the global South, as well as on the informal sector, with the aim of moving beyond dual approaches to a more political approach by showing the overlap between the formal and the informal.In Douala city, rapid population growth and expansion of the city have led to an increase in the demand for water by the urban population. Paradoxically, since 1980s, the State has significantly cut down on construction and development in the city suburbs, most particularly with regard to investment in water and sanitation services. Therefore, a sizable proportion of urban dwellers live in unplanned areas and slums without either decent housing or access to safe drinking water and acceptable sanitation systems. My research highlights that the uneven access of population to public service led to the development of informal water provision. This study focuses on private water providers (small scale water providers, Big Men), largely informal, in a context of liberalization of urban water sector. The research is a renewed analysis of the problematic of urban service provision in the global South. It brings in new perspectives i.e. the technical systems and economic characteristics of the private offers; informal water provision and its link with the production of urban space; informal practices of urban elite and their links with State apparatus and politics in water sector. ; À Douala au Cameroun, à la suite de réformes de privatisation et de libéralisation du secteur de l'approvisionnement en eau potable, l'enjeu de construction du service d'eau est de concilier efficacité économique et équité socio-spatiale. Cet objectif double suppose le rattrapage du service au profit des quartiers défavorisés des périphéries en développement, à travers le réseau conventionnel. Les effets des réformes fondées sur le paradigme de l'infrastructure unitaire sont controversés. Ainsi, aux marges et dans les interstices du service officiel de distribution d'eau, l'entrepreneuriat privé, le plus souvent informel, a émergé. Cette thèse porte sur l'entrepreneuriat privé, dans ses dimensions économique et politique, pour montrer dans quelle mesure les entrepreneurs privés participent à la gouvernance locale et à la cohésion urbaine. La recherche souhaite apporter deux contributions substantielles aux débats sur les services dans les villes du Sud : la première sur les systèmes composites de fourniture, marqués par l'hétérogénéité des infrastructures techniques, en réponse à une demande hétérogène de services urbains ; la deuxième sur l'informel, dans l'optique de dépasser les approches duales pour montrer l'imbrication entre le formel et l'informel. Ce travail de recherche met en évidence l'importance des ressources foncières dans la construction de dispositifs techniques, rendant compte de la production de l'espace urbain dans sa dimension informelle. L'étude démontre également que des coalitions d'acteurs privés et d'acteurs publics, mais aussi d'acteurs chevauchant entre la sphère politique et la sphère économique, les Big-Men, organisent le marché de l'eau. De l'échelle centrale à l'échelle locale, sont analysées les pratiques informelles courantes au sein de l'appareil politico-administratif, et les arrangements avec les entrepreneurs privés. Ces arrangements permettent de rendre compte des mécanismes de redéploiement de l'action publique.

The thesis is a substantial contribution to the debate on composite systems for the provision of services in the global South, as well as on the informal sector, with the aim of moving beyond dual approaches to a more political approach by showing the overlap between the formal and the informal.In Douala city, rapid population growth and expansion of the city have led to an increase in the demand for water by the urban population. Paradoxically, since 1980s, the State has significantly cut down on construction and development in the city suburbs, most particularly with regard to investment in water and sanitation services. Therefore, a sizable proportion of urban dwellers live in unplanned areas and slums without either decent housing or access to safe drinking water and acceptable sanitation systems. My research highlights that the uneven access of population to public service led to the development of informal water provision. This study focuses on private water providers (small scale water providers, Big Men), largely informal, in a context of liberalization of urban water sector. The research is a renewed analysis of the problematic of urban service provision in the global South. It brings in new perspectives i.e. the technical systems and economic characteristics of the private offers; informal water provision and its link with the production of urban space; informal practices of urban elite and their links with State apparatus and politics in water sector. ; À Douala au Cameroun, à la suite de réformes de privatisation et de libéralisation du secteur de l'approvisionnement en eau potable, l'enjeu de construction du service d'eau est de concilier efficacité économique et équité socio-spatiale. Cet objectif double suppose le rattrapage du service au profit des quartiers défavorisés des périphéries en développement, à travers le réseau conventionnel. Les effets des réformes fondées sur le paradigme de l'infrastructure unitaire sont controversés. Ainsi, aux marges et dans les interstices du service officiel de distribution d'eau, l'entrepreneuriat privé, le plus souvent informel, a émergé. Cette thèse porte sur l'entrepreneuriat privé, dans ses dimensions économique et politique, pour montrer dans quelle mesure les entrepreneurs privés participent à la gouvernance locale et à la cohésion urbaine. La recherche souhaite apporter deux contributions substantielles aux débats sur les services dans les villes du Sud : la première sur les systèmes composites de fourniture, marqués par l'hétérogénéité des infrastructures techniques, en réponse à une demande hétérogène de services urbains ; la deuxième sur l'informel, dans l'optique de dépasser les approches duales pour montrer l'imbrication entre le formel et l'informel. Ce travail de recherche met en évidence l'importance des ressources foncières dans la construction de dispositifs techniques, rendant compte de la production de l'espace urbain dans sa dimension informelle. L'étude démontre également que des coalitions d'acteurs privés et d'acteurs publics, mais aussi d'acteurs chevauchant entre la sphère politique et la sphère économique, les Big-Men, organisent le marché de l'eau. De l'échelle centrale à l'échelle locale, sont analysées les pratiques informelles courantes au sein de l'appareil politico-administratif, et les arrangements avec les entrepreneurs privés. Ces arrangements permettent de rendre compte des mécanismes de redéploiement de l'action publique.

The thesis is a substantial contribution to the debate on composite systems for the provision of services in the global South, as well as on the informal sector, with the aim of moving beyond dual approaches to a more political approach by showing the overlap between the formal and the informal.In Douala city, rapid population growth and expansion of the city have led to an increase in the demand for water by the urban population. Paradoxically, since 1980s, the State has significantly cut down on construction and development in the city suburbs, most particularly with regard to investment in water and sanitation services. Therefore, a sizable proportion of urban dwellers live in unplanned areas and slums without either decent housing or access to safe drinking water and acceptable sanitation systems. My research highlights that the uneven access of population to public service led to the development of informal water provision. This study focuses on private water providers (small scale water providers, Big Men), largely informal, in a context of liberalization of urban water sector. The research is a renewed analysis of the problematic of urban service provision in the global South. It brings in new perspectives i.e. the technical systems and economic characteristics of the private offers; informal water provision and its link with the production of urban space; informal practices of urban elite and their links with State apparatus and politics in water sector. ; À Douala au Cameroun, à la suite de réformes de privatisation et de libéralisation du secteur de l'approvisionnement en eau potable, l'enjeu de construction du service d'eau est de concilier efficacité économique et équité socio-spatiale. Cet objectif double suppose le rattrapage du service au profit des quartiers défavorisés des périphéries en développement, à travers le réseau conventionnel. Les effets des réformes fondées sur le paradigme de l'infrastructure unitaire sont controversés. Ainsi, aux marges et dans les interstices du service officiel de distribution d'eau, l'entrepreneuriat privé, le plus souvent informel, a émergé. Cette thèse porte sur l'entrepreneuriat privé, dans ses dimensions économique et politique, pour montrer dans quelle mesure les entrepreneurs privés participent à la gouvernance locale et à la cohésion urbaine. La recherche souhaite apporter deux contributions substantielles aux débats sur les services dans les villes du Sud : la première sur les systèmes composites de fourniture, marqués par l'hétérogénéité des infrastructures techniques, en réponse à une demande hétérogène de services urbains ; la deuxième sur l'informel, dans l'optique de dépasser les approches duales pour montrer l'imbrication entre le formel et l'informel. Ce travail de recherche met en évidence l'importance des ressources foncières dans la construction de dispositifs techniques, rendant compte de la production de l'espace urbain dans sa dimension informelle. L'étude démontre également que des coalitions d'acteurs privés et d'acteurs publics, mais aussi d'acteurs chevauchant entre la sphère politique et la sphère économique, les Big-Men, organisent le marché de l'eau. De l'échelle centrale à l'échelle locale, sont analysées les pratiques informelles courantes au sein de l'appareil politico-administratif, et les arrangements avec les entrepreneurs privés. Ces arrangements permettent de rendre compte des mécanismes de redéploiement de l'action publique.

В статье рассматривается феномен критически прикладной медицинской антропологии и основные итоги работы ведущего представителя этого направления, профессора калифорнийского университета в Беркли Нэнси Шейпер-Хьюз. Обсуждается предлагаемая новая модель медико-антропологического знания, в частности, предложение сделать антропологию воинствующей. Темы болезни, страдания и насилия проходят сквозь все творчество американской исследовательницы, соединившей в рамках медицинской антропологии критическую работу ученого и индивидуальную политику борьбы против насилия во всех его проявлениях. Внимание читателей фокусируется на итогах полевого исследования культурных и социально-экономических причин эпидемии шизофрении в сельской Ирландии периода вхождения страны в общеевропейский рынок. Кроме того, излагаются основные результаты предпринятого ею в трущобах северо-восточной Бразилии исследования детской смертности, обусловленной столетиями колониализма, дикими нравами на сахарных плантациях, нищетой и драматическим опытом материнства. Экспедиции Шейпер-Хьюз в страну «печальных тропиков» привели ее также к открытию феномена незаметных войн с беспризорниками, характерного как для Бразилии эпохи перехода от диктатуры к демократии, так и для других переходных обществ. В финальной части статьи освещаются некоторые итоги ее исследований о политико-экономической природе глобального трафика человеческих органов. Исследовательница выявила в этом явлении скрытые расовые, классовые и этнические измерения, а также общую логику неолиберального отношения к людям и их телам, отрицающую традиционную человеческую мораль в пользу риторики свободного рынка и автономии личности. ; The article critically examines the phenomenon of critically applied medical anthropology and the main results of work of the leading representatives of this trend, a professor of the University of California at Berkeley Nancy Scheper-Hughes. It is discussed her new model of medico-anthropological knowledge and suggestions regarding to make anthropology «militant». It is shown that the themes of illness, suffering and violence go through all the work of the American researcher, connected within medical anthropology the critical work of scholar and personal policy of the fighting against violence in all its manifestations. Readers' attention is focused on the results of its field research on the cultural and socio-economic causes of the epidemic of schizophrenia in rural Ireland, the country's period of entry into the European market. In addition, it is presented the main results of her investigations of the problem of child mortality in the slums of the north-eastern Brazilian due to centuries of colonialism, wild mores prevailing in the sugar plantations, poverty and dramatic experience of motherhood. Scheper-Hughes' expeditions in the country of «sad tropics» led her to the discovery of the phenomenon of invisible wars against street homeless kids, typical for Brazil at the period of transition from dictatorship to democracy, and for other transitional societies. In the final part of the article some of the results of her research on the political and economic nature of the global traffic of human organs are highlighted. The researcher has disclosed in this phenomenon the hidden racial, class and ethnic dimension, as well as the general logic of the neo-liberal attitude towards people and their bodies, denying the traditional human morality in favor of free-market rhetoric and autonomy of the individual.

Introduction: Adequate and balanced nutrition is key for poverty reduction, maternal and child health and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Malnutrition, particularly micronutrient deficiencies, can be alleviated with nutrient-dense animal-source foods (1). In Nairobi, Kenya, poor informal settlements represent a challenge to the food supply. The purpose of the reported study is to understand the dynamics of: 1) food systems supplying animal source foods using value chain analysis; and 2) consumption patterns of animal-source foods in deprived households. These two components were then linked to facilitate realistic and proportionate interventions and inform food policies. Methods: We conducted two parallel investigations in Nairobi: a cross-sectional nutrition survey in consumers of 205 randomly selected low-income households, in Korogocho and deprived areas of West Dagoretti; and a large-scale characterisation and analysis of the different animal-source food systems of the city. Retailers were the linkage node between consumers and food systems data. In the household survey, dietary (24-hour recall), anthropometric (weight, height and length), and biochemical (haemoglobin) data were collected from non-pregnant women of reproductive age and children (1-3 years). The questionnaire also included quantitative data on animal-source food consumption patterns and choice drivers, and purchase prices that were used to calculate demand elasticities. In the food systems study quantitative and qualitative data were collected using value chain analysis that included constraints, barriers and potential, and the assessment of the involved food safety and nutritional risks. This analysis included: key informant interviews (e.g. government officers), focus groups, interviews of all the stakeholder types along the chains (farmers, abattoir/market owners and workers, transporters, and retailers) and researchers' observations. Linear programming (in Optifood) was used to formulate population-specific food-based recommendations, and model the effect of incorporating different animal-source foods in the diet. Findings and interpretations: Results in children showed 42% were stunted and 74% were anaemic; in women, 7.4% had a low and 29% a high- body-mass index and 26% were anaemic. The linear programming analysis identified specific food-based interventions that would ensure, for example, dietary adequacy for all nutrients except for iron in women, requiring among others increases of intake of milk and other animal sources. The consumption and food systems datasets on animal-source foods were combined to assess availability, affordability, accessibility, preference, and upscaling potential. For example, beef was consumed by most households (81%) at an average of 1.5 times per week. Its demand was principally based on 'taste' and 'nutrition' indicating that consumption would be responsive to nutrition education. The reasons why households did not consume beef were either "price" (71%) and/or 'unknown' (74%). Own-price elasticity of beef was relatively inelastic at -0.68. Food system analysis showed that most beef was destined for higher-income areas Slums were limited to stale, low quality carcases with infrastructure issues producing problems of poor hygiene, food safety and traceability. The combination of approaches and methods provides a holistic picture of the food systems and its limitations, which allows more informed decision on interventions for poor people.

The Algerian family immigration in France has developed between the early 1950s and early 1980s, under a variety of configurations, depending on the context and social situations. The number of Algerian families in France has risen from a few thousand to about 100,000. At first, only the most stable workers brought their families, but the war of independence led to hasty arrival of families fleeing the violence of war. After independence, measures have been taken to control and limit strictly the arrival of these families, while foreign families subject to the general immigration system flowed. The housing has been the main instrument of this family discriminatory immigration policy. The presence of large Algerian shantytowns, in a context of severe housing crisis, has been used as a pretext for this policy despite the existence of other slums and the financial capability of most families But at the same time, measures were taken to improve the housing conditions of foreign families living in France, who have largc1y benefited the Algerian families - despite discrimination by certain social housing landlords - because of the seniority of their location and family size. A number also manage to fit in the ordinary private park, eventually becoming owner. The minority of families coming from shantytowns and cités de transit, whose daily life is recounted in this thesis, nevertheless, have been excluded for a very long time from access to decent housing and the contemporary city. ; L'immigration familiale algérienne en France s'est développée entre le début des années 1950 et le début des années 1980, selon des configurations variées, fonction du contexte et des situations sociales. Le nombre de familles algériennes en France est ainsi passé de quelques milliers à 100 000 environ. Dans un premier temps, seuls les travailleurs les plus stables ont fait venir leur famille, mais la guerre d'indépendance a entraîné des arrivées précipitées de familles fuyant les violences de guerre. Dès l'indépendance, des mesures ont été prises pour encadrer et limiter de façon stricte les arrivées de ces familles, alors que les familles étrangères soumises au régime général d'immigration affluaient. Le logement a été le principal instrument de cette politique d'immigration familiale discriminatoire. La présence d'importants bidonvilles algériens, dans un contexte de grave crise du logement, a été utilisée comme prétexte à cette politique, malgré l'existence d'autres bidonvilles et la capacité financière de la plupart des familles à se loger autrement. Mais dans le même temps, des mesures ont été prises pour améliorer les conditions de logement des familles étrangères installées en France, qui ont largement bénéficié aux familles algériennes - en dépit de discriminations de la part de certains bailleurs sociaux -, du fait de l'ancienneté de leur implantation et de la taille des familles. Un certain nombre parviennent également à se loger dans le parc privé ordinaire, éventuellement en devenant propriétaire. La minorité de familles issues des bidonvilles et relogées en cités de transit, dont la vie quotidienne est retracée dans cette thèse, ont cependant été durablement exclues de l'accès au logement et à la ville contemporaine.

Despite the efforts made towards the Millennium Development Goals targets during the last decade, improved access to water supply or basic sanitation still remains unavailable for millions of people across the world. This paper proposes a set of models that use 25 key variables and country profiles from the WatSan4Dev data set involving water supply and sanitation (Dondeynaz et al., 2012). This paper suggests the use of Bayesian network modelling methods because they are more easily adapted to deal with non-normal distributions, and integrate a qualitative approach for data analysis. They also offer the advantage of integrating preliminary knowledge into the probabilistic models. The statistical performance of the proposed models ranges between 20 and 5% error rates, which are very satisfactory taking into account the strong heterogeneity of variables. Probabilistic scenarios run from the models allow an assessment of the relationships between human development, external support, governance aspects, economic activities and water supply and sanitation (WSS) access. According to models proposed in this paper, gaining a strong poverty reduction will require the WSS access to reach 75–76% through: (1) the management of ongoing urbanisation processes to avoid slums development; and (2) the improvement of health care, for instance for children. Improving governance, such as institutional efficiency, capacities to make and apply rules, or control of corruption is positively associated with WSS sustainable development. The first condition for an increment of the HDP (human development and poverty) remains of course an improvement of the economic conditions with higher household incomes. Moreover, a significant country commitment to the environment, associated with civil society freedom of expression constitutes a favourable setting for sustainable WSS services delivery. Intensive agriculture using irrigation practises also appears as a mean for sustainable WSS thanks to multi-uses and complementarities. With a WSS sector organised at national level, irrigation practices can support the structuring and efficiency of the agriculture sector. It may then induce rural development in areas where WSS access often is set back compared to urban areas1. External financial support, called Official Development Assistance (ODA CI), plays a role in WSS improvement but comes last in the sensitivity analyses of models. An overall 47% of the Official Development Assistance goes first to poor countries, and is associated to governance aspects: (1) political stability and (2) country commitment to the environment and civil society degree of freedom. These governance aspects constitute a good framework for aid implementation in recipient countries. Modelling is run with the five groups of countries as defined in Dondeynaz et al. (2012). Models for profile 4 (essential external support) and profile 5 (primary material consumption) are specifically detailed and analysed in this paper. For countries in profile 4, fighting against water scarcity and progressing desertification should be the priority. However, for countries in profile 5, efforts should first concentrate on consolidation of political stability while supporting diversification of the economic activities. Nevertheless, for both profiles, reduction of poverty should remain the first priority as previously indicated. 1 JMP statistics, 2004 http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/, last access: 22 July 2013.

Esse trabalho focaliza a diferenciação dos arranjos domiciliares em Salvador a partir da complexa relação entre grupos domésticos, famílias, e classes sociais. As mudanças percebidas, incidem de modo mais claro em novos arranjos domiciliares encontrados nas áreas residenciais valorizadas de classe média. Na segunda área, mais correspondente à classe média baixa, são freqüentes os conjuntos habitacionais populares, e também a antiga ocupação de casas e casarões, e aí parecem sobreviver às famílias conviventes (pais e filhos, ou irmãos com respectivas famílias). E na terceira área, o Subúrbio Ferroviário, são maiores os contrastes, com altas médias de moradores, significativa freqüência de mulheres chefes de família, muitos filhos e outros parentes, residindo em bairros originados nas antigas e recentes favelas ou invasões. Assim, os arranjos domiciliares se distinguem entre as áreas residenciais da cidade refletindo as diferenças sociais de grupos domésticos e famílias. Palavras-chave: domicílios, famílias, cidade, bairros, diferenciação. DIFFERENTIATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD ARRANGEMENTS AND URBAN SOCIAL SPACE This paper focus on the differen-tiation of household arrangements in Salvador based on the complex relationship amongst household groups, families and social classes. Firstly, the changes can be more clearly perceived in the residential areas appreciated by middle class. Secondly, the area that corresponds to lower middle class, the predominance is of housing develop-ments, as well as the former occupation of houses and big houses inhabited by the families (parents and children or brothers with their respective families). Thirdly, in the area of the Railway Outskirts, the contrasts are even more striking, with high average of residents, meaningful presence of women as the head of the families, many children and other relatives living in districts that were organized in the old or new slums or invasions. Thus, the household arrangements are distinguished amongst the residential areas of the city, reflecting the social differences of household groups and families. Key words: households, families, cities, districts, differentiation. LA DIFFERENCIATION DES ARRANGEMENTS DOMICILIAIRES ET L'ESPACE SOCIAL URBAIN Ce travail se concentre sur la différenciation des arrangements domiciliaires à Salvador, à partir de la relation complexe entre les groupes domestiques, les familles et les classes sociales. Les changements perçus montrent clairement l'incidence sur les nouveaux arrangements domiciliaires identifiés dans les zones résidentielles chics de la classe moyenne. Dans la deuxième zone, qui correspond plutôt à une classe moyenne basse, on retrouve souvent les quartiers HLM mais aussi l'occupation ancienne de maisons ou de villas, où il semblerait que les familles vivent ensemble pour survivre (parents et enfants, ou frères et soeurs avec leur respective famille). Et, dans la troisième zone, on retrouve la Banlieue Ferroviaire, où les contrastes sont plus criants, avec des moyennes élevées d'habitants, de nombreuses femmes chefs de famille, beaucoup d'enfants et d'autres membres de la famille encore qui résident dans des quartiers issus des anciennes et nouvelles invasions (occupations de masse) ou bidonvilles. Ainsi, les arran-gements domiciliaires sont différents selon les zones résidentielles de la ville et reflètent les différences sociales des groupes domestiques et des familles. Mots-clés: domicile, famille, ville, quartier, différenciation. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br