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Cover -- Title -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Introduction -- ONE: A Brief History of Sniping -- TWO: Checking In -- THREE: Sniper Training: Week One -- FOUR: Making the Long Shot: Ballistics and the Fundamentals of Marksmanship -- FIVE: Sniper Training: Week Two -- SIX: Target Detection and Selection -- SEVEN: Sniper Training: Week Three -- EIGHT: On the Run: Survival, Tracking, and Counter-Tracking -- NINE: Sniper Training: Week Four and Week Five -- TEN: Real-World Sniper Operations -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- E -- F -- G -- H

LAY SUMMARYThis study explores how gender and sex shape the military-to-civilian transition (MCT) for women. Thirty-three Canadian women Veterans were interviewed about their military service and post-military life. MCT research often emphasizes discontinuities between military and civilian life, but women Veterans' accounts highlight continuities in gendered experiences. Military women are expected to fit the male norm and masculine ideal of the military member during service, but they are rarely recognized as Veterans after service. Women experience invisibility as military members and Veterans and simultaneously hypervisibility as (ex)military women who do not fit military or civilian gender norms. Gendered expectations of women as spouses and mothers exert an undue burden on them as serving members and as Veterans undergoing MCT. Women encounter care and support systems set up on the normative assumption of the military and Veteran man supported by a female spouse. The study findings point to a needed redesign of military and Veteran systems to remove sex and gender biases and better respond to the sex- and gender-specific MCT needs of women.

Developing countries; background papers prepared for the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development. Contents: Military spending and the development process, by Augusto Varas; Prospects for developing economies, 1986-1995, by the World Bank.

The military codification of 1775 may be classified among the most essential changes of law as introduced the reign of Stanisław August. It contained two parts: that referning to the substantive law known as The Military Articles and that referning to the procedural one known as The Legal Military Procedure. The new domineering tendencies that are detectable in the codification from 1775 intervened with the old noble patterns and were syptomatic of the epoch which shattered the feudal system. The researcher of the substantive part of the codification from 1775 is particularly interested finding how The Military Articles were drafted, what were, their sources, the range of application as well as the influence of foreign and domestic legislation on them. The impact that the humanitarian ideas and the Enlightenment philosophy had on the substantive part of the most important 18th century codification of military criminal law of the Noble Polish Republic (Artykuły wojskowe i Proceder prawny wojskowy. 1775) is worthy of notice (a detailed depiction of the presented issues can be found in the book by W. Organiściak: Kodeksy wojskowe w Polsce roku 1775).

The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and the International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS) both publish datasets on military expenditure that are widely used by scholars and military analysts. This article illustrates the limitations in the reliability and validity of these data, using a case study of contemporary Venezuela to highlight the issues. There is a debate over recent Venezuelan military expenditure under President Chávez: some argue that the expenditure has increased dramatically; others argue that it has not. The SIPRI and IISS datasets ought to be tailor-made for resolving this debate, but the estimates they provide are significantly flawed: military spending is reported to be quite low and to have declined as a percentage of GDP. New evidence presented in this article suggests that Venezuela's recent military expenditures were typically at least 20% to 70% higher than the estimates provided by SIPRI and IISS. Moreover, the military expenditures have at least kept pace with GDP growth as oil revenues increased over the period 2002–08. A key source of the discrepancy in the estimates is the way in which extra-budgetary purchases, especially of foreign arms and supplies, are treated. In some states, such as Venezuela in recent years, extra-budgetary purchases are responsible for a large portion of the expenditure, but these purchases are frequently not captured by standard data sources.