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The international labor movement, over a hundred years old, is embodied in the associations of trade unions and other labor organizations in dif ferent countries that are formed for mutual aid and joint action in matters of common interest. The history of the movement is sketched by the author. The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions, and the World Federation of Trade Unions are the three general organizations which are now active in the field, together with a number of International Trade Secretariats and regional organizations. The pro grams of work, organization, and financing of these various agencies are de scribed.—Ed.

AbstractThe current philosophical debate on just international trade has moved away from purely idealistic theorizing into the direction of non-ideal theory. At the same time most philosophical thought on just trade is still rather idealistic and the main argument of the paper is that some philosophical reasoning about international trade justice should be more realistic. The paper develops in three steps. In a first step I will give a short overview over normative questions that arise with respect to international trade. I will then highlight a proposal brought forward by Leif Wenar, because he is aware of the realist challenge and tries to counter it. In a second step I will discuss why it is important to integrate a realist perspective into philosophical considerations of international trade justice. Trade agreements are embedded in political contexts that influence the normative perspective one should take on trade justice. This leads to the third part of the article, where I will explore how a realist approach can go along with more idealistic perspectives, which leads to a weakly realist perspective on trade justice.

The Rohingya crisis is extremely complex and will be very difficult to resolve if the only solution to the problem is up to the Myanmar Government alone and the Rohingya people. This is because the crisis involves gross violations of humanitarian principles. Resolving this conflict demands the participation of members of the international community as the violations fall within the realm of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). International mediation may also be required to resolve the conflict. The R2P seems to be an effective mechanism to solve this phenomenon. Unfortunately, there are some limitations so the R2P has not been applied yet. Not only all the mechanisms mentioned earlier share some components in different dimensions but they can be all together applied and be of support in solving this crisis more effectively. However, the Myanmar government and the Rohingya people are the key factors needed to accept these mechanisms in order to prevent further violence and bloodshed and to bring sustainable peace to Arakan or the Rakhine state of Myanmar.

Legitimacy and International Courts examines the underpinnings of legitimacy, or the justification of the authority, of international courts and tribunals. It brings together an esteemed group of authors, noted for both their expertise in individual courts, tribunals, or other adjudicatory bodies, and their work on legitimacy, effectiveness, and governance more broadly, to consider the legitimacy of international courts from a comparative perspective. Authors explore what strengthens and weakens the legitimacy of various different international courts, while also considering broader theories of international court legitimacy. Some chapters highlight the sociological or normative legitimacy of specific courts or tribunals, while others address cross-cutting issues such as representation, democracy, independence and effectiveness. ; https://digitalcommons.law.uidaho.edu/facw_bkcntri/1004/thumbnail.jpg

Examines how efficient the current system of world trade is in distributing resources from the geographical locations of supply to the locations of demand. By examining trade from a biophysical (versus an economic) viewpoint, the authors of the report seek to assess whether or not trade allows commodities to be obtained from countries where their production requires fewer resources and generates a smaller amount of wastes and emissions

Comparative Regional Analysis in an Era of Heightened Regional Salience -- Sources of Peace and Conflict Within Regions -- Whose Status Quo Is It, Anyway? Regions, Hierarchies, and Satisfaction* -- Asymmetric Rivals, State Capacity, and Regional Peace -- Regional Variation in Strategic Positional Rivalries -- Regions of Rivalry: Dominance Vacuums and Rivalry Prevalence -- Societal Heterogeneity, Weak States and Internal Conflict: Evaluating One Avenue to Territorial Peace and Instability -- Petroleum, Petrostates and Interstate Conflict: How Strong Are Some of the Relationships? -- Sources of Order Within Regions -- In Search of Common Grounds: A Preliminary Ordering of the Study of Regional Orders -- Intra-regional Trade and Regional Exposure to the Global Economy: Implications for Cooperation and Conflict -- States, Nations and Great-Power Expansion in their Neighborhood: Explaining the Russian War against Ukraine -- All That Glitters Is Not Gold: Comparing Regional Peace in the Caucasus and Central Asia -- Impact of the Rise of Eurasia on Grand Strategy for the 21st Century. .

The extension of economic jurisdiction to 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zones or Fishing Limits enabled coastal and island nations to add vast wealth to their exclusively owned natural resource portfolios. Simultaneously, the rights of nations to distant water fisheries were, at best, reduced to privileges. The motives for enclosure were economic, political, and strategic. However, simple economic theory suggests certain potential outcomes. First, if fishery stocks remained constant, restrictions and charges would make fishing in foreign zones relatively more costly, fishing in the remaining high seas less costly, and fishing in the domestic zone possibly less costly. Relative costs also may favor exploitation of coastal and fresh water regions for aquaculture. Second, because stocks do not remain constant, depletion in some areas will alter relative costs. Investments in conservation will be limited to claimed areas, where investors capture the benefits. Third, wherever maritime claims overlap or otherwise are unsettled, international tension will mount. The analysis here demonstrates that these expectations have become reality in the North Pacific.