Suchergebnisse

Trotz des demografischen Wandels ist ein beitragsfinanziertes Rentensystem in Deutschland möglich und wünschenswert. Ein Rentenniveau von beispielsweise 50 % kann auch nach 2030 noch über Beiträge finanziert werden. Zum einen übersteigt die Produktivitäts- und Einkommensentwicklung die steigende Beitragsbelastung, sodass das Nettorealeinkommen trotz höherer Beiträge deutlich steigt. Außerdem müssen versicherungsfremde Leistungen sachgemäß durch Steuern und nicht durch Beiträge finanziert werden, um die Beitragshöhe zu begrenzen. ; Despite the aging demographic in Germany, retirement pensions are enough to finance pensioners' living expenses. The increase of the real income will exceed the burden of the increasing number of older people so that people of working age can bear the higher pension payments. Pensions that have been restrained due to political mistakes should be reimbursed out of taxes. General social programmes have to be financed by taxes, too.

Organizacje pozarządowe stanowią istotny element gospodarki. Celem artykułu jest próba oszacowania wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na zmianę dochodu organizacji pożytku publicznego z 1% podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych. Prezentowany jest możliwy scenariusz wraz z sugestiami przeciwdziałania negatywnym tendencjom.

Incomes of non-profit organizations from 1% of personal income tax during the COVID-19 pandemic

NGOs are an important part of the economy. The purpose of this article is an attempt to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on non-profit organizations incomes from 1% of personal income tax. A possible scenario is presented along with suggestions to counteract negative tendencies.

We study the fiscal and tax response to intergovernmental grants, exploiting quasi-experimental variation within Germany's fiscal equalization scheme triggered by Census revisions of official population counts. Municipal budgets do not adjust instantly. Instead, spending and investments adapt within five years to revenue gains, while adjustment to revenue losses is more rapid. Yet, the long-run response is symmetric. The tax response is particularly slow, stretching over more than a decade. Well-known empirical "anomalies" in public finance such as the flypaper effect are thus primarily a short-run phenomenon, while long-run fiscal behavior appears more consistent with standard theories of fiscal federalism.

We study the fiscal and tax response to intergovernmental grants, exploiting quasi-experimental variation within Germany's fiscal equalization scheme triggered by Census revisions of official population counts. Municipal budgets do not adjust instantly. Instead, spending and investments adapt within five years to revenue gains, while adjustment to revenue losses is more rapid. Yet, the long-run response is symmetric. The tax response is particularly slow, stretching over more than a decade. Well-known empirical "anomalies" in public finance such as the flypaper effect are thus primarily a short-run phenomenon, while long-run fiscal behavior appears more consistent with standard theories of fiscal federalism.

The pandemic of Covid‐19 has exposed the veins of inequality in Latin America. With a socioeconomic disaster looming, social emergency policies seemed inevitable. Yet while governments argue over the continuity of such policies and whether the fiscal rules in place should be respected, no sustainable response has come out. This essay problematises whether the pandemic could represent a critical juncture to forge ahead with political narratives that highlight tax exemptions and privileges enjoyed by the rich. We analyse the mitigation measures adopted by Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay and their repercussions on the debate surrounding progressive tax reforms to fund social schemes.

AbstractThe Australian Taxation Office release of annual longitudinally linked individual tax and superannuation records, known as the ATO Longitudinal Information Files (ALife), opens up opportunities for new research. In this study, we provide an overview of ALife, focusing on its use for retirement income research. To this end, we provide the first longitudinal estimates of superannuation outcomes for 1‐year birth cohorts. Results show marked increase in disparity of super balances in the lead‐up to retirement as those in the top quartile ramp‐up their contributions, possibly to take advantage of the favourable tax treatment of superannuation income in retirement years.

Mattauch et al. (2020) claims that the quantitative conclusions in Lemoine and Rudik (2017)—henceforth, LR17—are not robust to using a climate model consistent with recent scientific results. We observe that LR17 in fact analyzes an extension to a more realistic carbon model that generates an efficient emission tax trajectory very similar to that in Mattauch et al. (2020), and we here show that simplifications in the temperature model of LR17 do not qualitatively affect their policy conclusions. Accounting for inertia reduces the initial emission tax by 42 percent and reduces the present value of abatement cost by 39 percent. (JEL H23, Q54, Q58)

We study child care subsidies in a Mirrleesian optimal tax framework where parents choose both the quantity and quality of child care. Child care services not only enable parents to work, but also contribute to children's human capital. We examine the conditions under which child care expenditures should be encouraged or discouraged by the tax system under different assumptions regarding the available policy instruments. Using a quantitative model calibrated to the US economy, we illustrate the possibility that child care expenditures should be taxed rather than subsidized, and we discuss the merits of public provision schemes for child care.

In this paper, we integrate efficiency wage setting with the theory of optimal redistributive income taxation. In doing so, we use a model with two skill types, where efficiency wage setting characterizes the labor market faced by the low-skilled, whereas the high-skilled face a conventional, competitive labor market. We show that the marginal income tax implemented for the high-skilled is negative under plausible assumptions. The marginal income tax facing the low-skilled can be either positive or negative, in general. An increase in unemployment benefits contributes to a relaxation of the binding self-selection constraint, which makes this instrument particularly useful from the perspective of redistribution.

This paper examines the determinants of income smoothing focusing on consumer goods industry sector of BEI of 2014 to 2018 for 24 firms, including 120 observations. The independent variables used are political costs, auditor quality and cash holding. Political costs are proxied by variables of firm size, income tax, and number of employees. Test data analysis using logistic regression. The findings show that firm size indicated negative effect on income smoothing, income tax and number of employees have no effect on income smoothing. Cash holding indicated positive effect on income smoothing, auditor quality indicated negative affect on income smoothing

AbstractIs a more heterogeneous population beneficial or harmful to long-term economic performance? This article addresses this and other questions in a dynamic general equilibrium model where consumers differ in their labour productivity and time preference. We show how differences in the cross-sectional distribution of these characteristics can affect the economy via two channels. The first one involves changing the composition of the labour force; and the second one involves changing the cross-sectional distribution of the marginal tax rate. We show how these channels are, respectively, determined by the shape of the labour supply function and the curvature of the marginal tax function.

This study discusses which sources of Original local Government Revenues make the largest contribution to the Original local Government Revenues of Samarinda City. The method used in this study is a quantitative method, which is contribution analysis. This research data was obtained from the Regional Income Agency of Samarinda City. The results of the current study of Original local Government Revenues sources for 2014-2018 which contributed to a good assessment were the regional tax in 2018 which amounted to 70,72% which was supported by the contribution of Roadway Lighting Tax by 30,18% and lower contribution was in 2014 amounted to 54,77%. Keywords: Contributions, Source Original local Government Revenues.

We use administrative data from the IRS to examine long-term impacts of childhood Medicaid eligibility expansions on outcomes in adulthood at each age from 19–28. Greater Medicaid eligibility increases college enrollment and decreases fertility, especially through age 21. Starting at age 23, females have higher contemporaneous wage income, although male increases are imprecise. Together, both genders have lower mortality. These adults collect less from the earned income tax credit and pay more in taxes. Cumulatively from ages 19–28, at a 3% discount rate, the federal government recoups 58 cents of each dollar of its "investment" in childhood Medicaid.

We explore optimal and politically feasible growth policies consisting of basic research investments and taxation. We show that the impact of basic research on the general economy rationalises a taxation pecking order with high labour taxes and low profit taxes. This scheme induces a significant proportion of agents to become entrepreneurs, thereby rationalising substantial investments in basic research fostering their innovation prospects. These entrepreneurial economies, however, may make a majority of workers worse off, giving rise to a conflict between efficiency and equality. We discuss ways of mitigating this conflict, and thus strengthening political support for growth policies.

We characterise optimal fiscal policies in a General Equilibrium model with monopolistic competition and endogenous public spending. The government can tax consumption, as alternative to labour income taxes. Consumption taxation acts as indirect taxation of prots (intratemporal gains of taxing consumption) and enables the policy-maker to manage the burden of public debt more efficiently (intertemporal gains of taxing consumption). We show analytically that these two gains imply that the optimal share of government spending is higher under consumption taxation than with labour income taxation. Then, we quantify numerically each of these gains by calibrating the model on the US economy.