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This paper examines the impact of voluntary export restraints (VERs) in an international duopoly modelled as a differential game. We employ two well known capital accumulation dynamics for firms, due to Herlove and Arrow and to Ramsey, respectively. First we investigate Cournot behavour, showing that, in both models, a VERs cannot ne "voluntarily" employedby the foreign firms. Our analysis therefore suggests that the empirical observation of VERs corresponds to their use either as coordinating or as quasi-collusive devices in markets where firms are price setters and sales are not capacity-constrained. This is confirmed by our analysis of price competition. The Bertrand steady state of the Solow-Nerlove-Arrow model coincides with the Cournot equilibrium, and therefore the foreign firm cannot be expected to voluntarily adopt an export restraint. However, the opposite holds in the case of price behavior in the ramsey setting, where the adoption of anexport restraint may increase the profits of both firms.

IN JULY 1991, THE BIG FIVE WEAPONS EXPORTERS--THE USA, THE USSR, BRITAIN, CHINA, AND FRANCE--JOINTLY DECLARED THAT THEY INTEND TO "OBSERVE RULES OF RESTRAINT" IN SELLING ARMS TO THE MIDDLE EAST. NEVERTHELESS, THEY ANNOUNCED RECORD ARMS DEALS TO THE MIDDLE EAST IN THE MONTHS FOLLOWING THE GULF WAR.

Genome sequencing technology provides new and promising tests for clinical practice, including whole genome sequencing, which measures an individual's complete DNA sequence, and whole exome sequencing, which measures the DNA for all genes coding for proteins. These technologies make it possible to test for multiple genes in a single test, which increases the efficiency of genetic testing. However, they can also produce large amounts of information that cannot be interpreted or is of limited clinical utility. This additional information could be distracting for patients and clinicians, and contribute to unnecessary healthcare costs. The potential for genomic sequencing to improve care will be context-dependent, varying for different patients and clinical settings. This Article argues that a disciplined approach is needed, incorporating research to assess when and how genomic information can improve clinical outcomes, practice guidelines that direct optimal uses of genomic sequencing, and efforts to limit the production of genomic information unrelated to the clinical needs of the patient. Without this approach, genomic testing could add to current unsustainable healthcare costs and prove unaffordable in the long run.

When Angelica, an Afro-Latina teenager, tried to leave the hospital, two white guards grabbed her and pulled her back to her room, kicking and screaming the whole way. She was ultimately put into physical restraints and injected with an antipsychotic to "calm her down." Angelica's history was marked by sexual abuse and for using self […]

The response to a terrorist atrocity is best conducted carefully but actively over a period of months. Hasty action leads to mistakes and losing public sympathy. However, the atmosphere in crisis meetings does not lend itself to restraint.

Abstract. The budgetary alternatives available to and employed by states to deal with budgetary shortfalls in the early 1980's are examined. The study suggests it may be preferable for states to consider relaxing the self‐imposed requirements of an annually balanced budget. The basic conclusion is that policy makers should formulate a rule that considers the opportunity costs of their decisions.

"This paper investigates how concern for the environment translates into predictable patterns of consumer behavior. Two types of behavior are considered. First, individuals who care about environmental quality may voluntarily restrain their consumption of goods and services that generate a negative externality. Second, individuals may choose to pay a price premium for goods and services that are more environmentally benign. A theoretical model identifies a symmetry between such voluntary restraint and a voluntary price premium that mirrors the symmetry between environmental policies based on either quantities (quotas) or prices (taxes). We test predictions of the model in an empirical study of household electricity consumption with introduction of a price-premium, green-electricity program. We find evidence of voluntary restraint and its relation to a voluntary price premium. The empirical results are consistent with the theoretical model of voluntary conservation"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

A great power's use of its military forces may be rendered ineffective or even counterproductive when there are no clear internationally recognizable limits on this use of force. Professor Myerson derives this conclusion from the basic observation that our ability to influence potential rivals depends on a balanced mix of threats and promises. Potential adversaries should believe that aggression will be punished, but such threats will be useless unless they also believe our promises that good behavior will be better rewarded. A reputation for resolve makes threats credible, but a great power also needs a reputation for restraint, to make the promises credible as well. Thus, international restraints on a nation's use of military force may actually increase the effective influence of its military strength. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1660/thumbnail.jpg

What explains differences in soldier participation in violence during irregular war? How do ordinary men become professional wielders of force, and when does this transformation falter or fail? Regular Soldiers, Irregular War presents a theoretical framework for understanding the various forms of behavior in which soldiers engage during counterinsurgency campaigns - compliance and shirking, abuse and restraint, as well as the creation of new violent practices. Through an in-depth study of the Israeli Defense Forces' repression of the Second Palestinian Intifada of 2000-2005, including in-depth interviews with and a survey of former combatants, Devorah Manekin examines how soldiers come both to unleash and to curb violence against civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign. Manekin argues that variation in soldiers' behavior is best explained by the effectiveness of the control mechanisms put in place to ensure combatant violence reflects the strategies and preferences of military elites, primarily at the small-unit level. Furthermore, she develops and analyzes soldier participation in three categories of violence: strategic violence authorized by military elites; opportunistic or unauthorized violence; and "entrepreneurial violence" - violence initiated from below to advance organizational aims when leaders are ambiguous about what will best serve those aims. By going inside military field units and exploring their patterns of command and control, Regular Soldiers, Irregular War, sheds new light on the dynamics of violence and restraint in counterinsurgency.

Under dual distribution a manufacturer sells through both independent and vertically integrated channels of distribution. The hybrid nature of these arrangements has led to persistent questions in antitrust relating to the use and effects of dual distribution restraints. To date, two schools of antitrust thought have emerged. Recent changes in the law, together with the growing use of dual distribution in practice, have called attention to these questions and the views of the two schools. Addressing both, the relevant literature from business research and practice are gathered and examined. The findings support aspects of each school, but challenge others, especially those that address free riding, in important ways. Together the findings augment extant understanding of dual distribution restraints in antitrust.