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In this eloquent and sympathetic book, Evernden evaluates the international environmental movement and the underlying assumptions that could doom it to failure. Beginning with a simple definition of environmentalists as ";those who confess a concern for the non-human,"; he reviews what is inherent in industrial societies to make them so resistant to the concerns of environmentalists. His analysis draws on citing such diverse sources as Merleau-Ponty, Heidegger, and TIME, and examines how we tend to think about the world and how we might think about it.The book does not offer solutions to environmental questions, but it does offer the hope that there can be new ways of thinking and flexibility in human/environmental relations. Although humans seem alienated from our the natural world, we can develop a new understanding of `self in the world.'The second edition has a new preface and an epilogue in which Evernden analyses the latest environmental catch-phrase: sustainable development

Multinational corporations are not merely the problem in environmental concerns, but could also be part of the solution. The oil industry and climate change provide the clearest example of how the two are linked; what is less well-known is how the industry is responding to these concerns. This volume presents a detailed study of the climate strategies of ExxonMobil, Shell and Statoil. With an innovative analytical approach, the authors explain variations at three decision-making levels: within the companies themselves, in the national home-bases of the companies, and at an international level. The analysis generates policy-relevant knowledge about whether and how corporate resistance to a viable climate policy can be overcome. The analytical approach developed by the authors is also applicable to other areas of environmental degradation where multinational corporations play a central role. The book is invaluable to students, researchers and practitioners interested in national and international environmental politics and business environmental management.

Grasslands are one of California's most important ecosystems in terms of both biodiversity and economic value. Bringing together the large amount of research conducted in recent years on California's grasslands, this comprehensive, state-of-the-art sourcebook addresses the pressing need to understand this unique habitat. Providing an authoritative summary of current grassland science and management, leading scholars examine the history of grasslands from the Pleistocene through European settlement; describe resources that influence grassland structure and productivity focusing on water, nutrient dynamics, global environmental change, and soil biology; explore genetics, ecological interactions, grazing systems, and fire; and discuss grassland management, restoration, and public policy

In Engineering Vulnerability Sarah E. Vaughn examines climate adaptation against the backdrop of ongoing processes of settler colonialism and the global climate change initiatives that seek to intervene in the lives of the world's most vulnerable. Her case study is Guyana in the aftermath of the 2005 catastrophic flooding that ravaged the country's Atlantic coastal plain. The country's ensuing engineering projects reveal the contingencies of climate adaptation and the capacity of flooding to shape Guyanese expectations about racial (in)equality. Analyzing the coproduction of race and vulnerability, Vaughn details why climate adaptation has implications for how we understand the past and the continued human settlement of a place. Such understandings become particularly apparent not only through experts' and ordinary citizens' disputes over resources but in their attention to the ethical practice of technoscience over time. Approaching climate adaptation this way, Vaughn exposes the generative openings as well as gaps in racial thinking for theorizing climate action, environmental justice, and, more broadly, future life on a warming planet.Duke University Press Scholars of Color First Book Award recipient

It is estimated that every year the world's population uses 1.5 times the planet's renewable resources. This trend can only increase as the middle classes everywhere are growing and extreme poverty is decreasing. In this context, the circular economy is attracting growing interest from citizens, entrepreneurs, governments and the academic world. To avoid the depletion of natural resources, this economy of "tomorrow" proposes the intensification of recycling - even the end of waste -, sustainable management of resources, collective policies governing production, as well as the use of goods and services. services rather than private policies that promote ownership and unlimited growth. This book, written under the auspices of the Institute for the Environment, Sustainable Development and the Circular Economy (EDDEC), presents the reflections of 50 experts, particularly in environment, industrial or chemical engineering, management, but also in economics, geography, anthropology and philosophy. In an accessible language, it takes stock of the need to turn to a model that respects nature and specifies the stakes of the survival of humanity.

"New initiatives recognize that resource wealth can provide a means, when properly used, for poorer nations to decisively break with poverty by diversifying economies and funding development spending. Extractive Industries: The Management of Resources as a Driver of Sustainable Development explores the challenges and opportunities facing developing countries in using oil, gas, and mining to achieve inclusive change. While resource wealth can yield prosperity it can also, when mismanaged, cause acute social inequality, deep poverty, environmental damage, and political instability. There is a new determination to improve the benefits of extractive industries to their host countries, and to strengthen the sector's governance. Extractive Industries provides a comprehensive contribution to what must be done in this sector to deliver development, protect often fragile environments from damage, enhance the rights of affected communities, and support climate change action. It brings together international experts to offer ideas and recommendations in the main policy areas. With a breadth of collective insight and experience, it argues that more attention must be given to the development role of extractive industries, and looks to the future to explain how action on climate change will profoundly shape the sector's prospects."

The thesis deals with the question of why no international legally binding instrument for forest policy exists so far. The thesis shows that the problem definition presents a form of control for the decision making process and for the problem solution. Therefore, it is demonstrated how locations, reports and non-human objects are related to the development of international forest policy within United Nations. In the development of international forest policy, the policy problem was framed as "deforestation and degradation of tropical forests". In the second phase of policy formulation, the "deforestation and degradation of all forests" moves to the centre of interests. The thesis analyses furthermore the formation of meaning of the policy narratives that are intertwined with international forest policy. The identification of global environmental discourses that transfer a certain kind of meaning of policy and of problem solution, that operate with discursive practices and technologies of power, and that use rhetorical devices, allows to show which rules and practices influence how natural resource policy arises. In this way it can be shown how policy problems come into being and how they are understood. Furthermore, it allows identifying policy change in a non-decision-making process.

Environmental pollution poses serious challenges for China, including to its economy as well as public health. The China Story Yearbook 2015: Pollution looks at how China's Communist Party-state addresses these problems and how Chinese citizens have coped with and expressed their concerns about living with chronic, worsening pollution. This Yearbook also explores the broader ramifications of pollution in the People's Republic for culture, society law and social activism, as well as the Internet, language, thought, and approaches to history. It looks at how it affects economic and political developments, urban change, and China's regional and global posture. The Chinese Communist Party, led by 'Chairman of Everything' Xi Jinping, meanwhile, has subjected mainland society to increasingly repressive control in its new determination to rid the country of Western 'spiritual pollutants' while achieving cultural purification through 'propaganda and ideological work'. To adulterate, contaminate, spoil or violate—these are among the metaphorical and literal connotations of pollution expressed in this Yearbook via the character ran 染, which forms part of the word for pollution in Chinese, wuran 污染. As the world increasingly relies on economic ties with China, the complexities of China's one-party system and the Chinese government's attitudes towards 'pollution' are of increasing global significance.

An important part of conservation practice is the empirical evaluation of program and policy impacts. Understanding why conservation programs succeed or fail is essential for designing cost-effective initiatives and for improving the livelihoods of natural resource users. The evidence we seek can be generated with modern impact evaluation designs. Such designs measure causal effects of specific interventions by comparing outcomes with the interventions to outcomes in credible counterfactual scenarios. Good designs also identify the conditions under which the causal effect arises. Despite a critical need for empirical evidence, conservation science has been slow to adopt these impact evaluation designs. We identify reasons for the slow rate of adoption, and provide suggestions for mainstreaming impact evaluation in nature conservation.

The implementation of nature conservation as a land use form is characterized by persistent conflicts and low acceptance by landowners and other users of the considered land area. The thesis applies an economic approach that is understood as the consideration of opportunities and problems of social interaction that aims at mutual benefits (Homann 2002: 63; Homann & Suchanek 2005: 4). Nature conservation is treated as a normal economic good that is demanded and supplied. Human action and human choices regarding the good "nature conservation" can be explained and predicted when including the structure of the exchange and transfer of property rights for nature conservation. The property rights perspective on nature conservation demonstrates an unambiguous understanding of the rights individuals are willing to abandon for demanding and supplying nature conservation. The successful implementation of different aims and strategies of nature conservation requires different property rights. The loss of the right to choose other alternatives implies subjective costs (Knight 1924: 592f.; Buchanan 1981: 14) that cannot be reduced to pecuniary units and landowners. This approach broadens the understanding of the term "costs" related to nature conservation. Different organizational and institutional arrangements can be found in practical nature conservation. Both, the demand for and the supply of nature conservation is organized either individually or collectively. Property rights for the good "nature conservation" are either exchanged voluntarily or involuntarily by applying takings and eminent domain. The application of the methodological individualism, the homo economicus and microeconomic theory, allows to elaborate a simple model of individual demand and supply of one property right that is allocated to nature conservation. This model excludes transaction costs, considers only one normal economic good - "nature conservation". The analysis demonstrates the outcomes, which can be expected when aggregating these individual demand and supply curves within two different organizations. A vertical aggregation represents the process of choice-making within politics in a direct democracy. A horizontal aggregation illustrates the determination of choices within a market. The analysis includes all possible institutional and organizational arrangements. The results reveal the quantity and quality of implemented nature conservation and the expected relation between available and required budgets. It is highlighted, how susceptible collective outcomes are to changing expenditure and revenue sharing systems and voting rules. When making collective choices, only one revenue and expenditure sharing system exists that allows a unanimously chosen quantity of nature conservation. These specific sharing systems are different when considering different collectives. Only voluntary exchanges ensure mutual benefits and a balanced budget. I can show that the institution of takings increases conflicts and reduce the acceptance for implementing nature conservation. A preference order of the considered institutional arrangements is revealed. The majority of the analyzed arrangements allows unambiguous expectations on the quantity and quality of the implemented nature conservation. The discussion justifies the chosen economic approach for examining problems of social interaction within nature conservation. Furthermore, the application of the elaborated model to representative democratic systems is discussed. The thesis closes with examples of the current and expected future development of practical nature conservation. These cases are discussed in the light of the elaborated model and the analysis' results. The present thesis offers an explanation of past and present processes and outcomes in nature conservation and a support for making expectations on the constellation of actors and their acceptance regarding future strategies in practical nature conservation. ; Die Umsetzung von Naturschutz als Landnutzungsform ist durch beständige Konflikte und niedrige Akzeptanz durch Landeigentümer und andere Landnutzer gekennzeichnet. Die Arbeit verwendet einen ökonomischen Ansatz. Sie betrachtet Möglichkeiten und Probleme sozialer Interaktion, die auf gegenseitigen Nutzen abzielt (Homann 2002: 63; Homann & Suchanek 2005: 4). Naturschutz wird als normales ökonomisches Gut betrachtet. Dieses wird durch interagierende Individuen angeboten und nachgefragt. Das individuelle Handeln und Entscheiden in Bezug auf "Naturschutz" kann durch das Einbeziehen von Verfügungsrechten, welche bei dem Tausch ausgetauscht und übertragen werden, beschrieben und vorhergesagt werden. Die verfügungsrechtliche Betrachtung von Naturschutz ermöglicht ein eindeutiges Verständnis auf jene Rechte, auf die Individuen verzichten würden, um Naturschutz nachzufragen und anzubieten. Die erfolgreiche Umsetzung der unterschiedlichen Naturschutzziele und –strategien erfordert ein Eigentum an unterschiedlichen Verfügungsrechten. Der Verlust des Rechtes, eine Alternative zu wählen, verursacht subjektive Kosten (Knight 1924: 592f.; Buchanan 1981: 14), welche nicht auf Geldeinheiten und nicht auf Landeigentümer begrenzt werden können. Dieser Ansatz erweitert das Verständnis von Kosten in Bezug auf Naturschutz. Unterschiedliche organisatorische und institutionelle Arrangements sind im praktischen Naturschutz zu finden. Nachfrage und Angebot können jeweils individuell oder kollektiv organisiert sein. Verfügungsrechte für das Gut "Naturschutz" werden entweder freiwillig oder erzwungen - durch Konfiskation und Enteignung getauscht. Die Anwendung des methodologischen Individualismus, des Konzeptes des Homo Economicus und mikroökonomischer Theorie, erlaubt die Entwicklung eines simplen Modells des individuellen Angebots und der individuellen Nachfrage nach Verfügungsrechten für Naturschutz. Dieses Modell schließt Transaktionskosten aus und betrachtet ausschließlich ein normales ökonomisches Gut – Naturschutz. Die Analyse zeigt die zu erwartenden Ergebnisse auf, wenn die individuelle Nachfrage und das individuelle Angebot durch zwei unterschiedliche Organisationen aggregiert werden. Eine vertikale Aggregation verdeutlicht eine politische Wahlhandlung innerhalb einer direkten Demokratie. Eine horizontale Aggregation repräsentiert die Wahl innerhalb eines Marktes. Die Analyse beinhaltet alle Kombinationen der unterschiedlichen institutionellen und organisatorischen Arrangements für die Bereitstellung des Gutes "Naturschutz". Die Ergebnisse dieser Analyse zeigen (1) die zu erwartende Quantität und Qualität des durchgeführten Naturschutzes und (2) das zu erwartende Verhältnis zwischen dem verfügbaren und dem notwendigen Budget auf. Zusätzlich wird die Empfindlichkeit kollektiver Entscheidungsergebnisse gegenüber sich verändernden Abstimmungsregeln und Teilungsregeln von Ausgaben und Einnahmen herausgearbeitet. Bei kollektiven Wahlhandlungen existiert nur jeweils eine Ausgaben- und Einnahmenteilung, die eine einstimmige Wahl einer Menge von Naturschutz ermöglicht. Diese Teilungsregel variiert zwischen unterschiedlichen Kollektiven. Ausschließlich ein freiwilliger Tausch sichert gegenseitige Vorteile und ein ausgeglichenes Budget. Weiterhin zeige ich auf, dass die Institution Konfiskation die Konflikte mit Landnutzern erhöht und deren Akzeptanz für die Umsetzung von Naturschutz reduziert. Eine Präferenzordnung für die verschiedenen Institutionen wird erarbeitet. Der Großteil der analysierten institutionellen und organisatorischen Arrangements erlaubt eindeutige Aussagen über die Quantität und Qualität des praktizierten Naturschutzes. Die Diskussion begründet die gewählte ökonomische Methode zur Untersuchung von Interaktionsproblemen des Naturschutzes. Weiterhin wird die Anwendbarkeit des erarbeiteten Modells für repräsentative Demokratien erörtert. Die Arbeit schließt mit Beispielen der aktuellen und künftig zu erwartenden praktischen Naturschutzarbeit. Diese Beispiele werden anhand des Modells und der Analyseergebnisse diskutiert. Die vorliegende Arbeit bietet ein Erklärungsmodell für vergangene und gegenwärtige Entwicklungen und Ergebnisse im praktischen Naturschutz. Sie stellt eine Unterstützung für die realistische Einschätzung von Akteurskonstellationen und deren Akzeptanz von zukünftigen Implementierungsansätzen von Naturschutz dar.

The Birds and Habitats Directives are the cornerstones of EU nature conservation law, aiming at the conservation of the Natura 2000 network, a network of protected sites under these directives, and the protection of species. The protection regime for these sites and species is not absolute: Member States may, under certain conditions, allow plans or projects that can have an adverse impact on nature. In this case compensatory measures can play an important role in safeguarding the Natura 2000 network and ensuring the survival of the protected species.This contribution analyses whether taking compensatory measures is always obligatory, and discusses the aim and the characteristics of compensatory measures, in relation to other kinds of measures such as mitigation measures, usual nature conservation measures, and former nature development measures, and to the assessment of the adverse impact caused by the plan or project and of the alternative solutions. The questions will be discussed in light of the contents of the legislation, the guidance and practice by the European Commission, (legal) doctrine and case law, mainly of the Court of Justice of the European Union.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- 1. Comprehending the Complete Wetland -- 2. Chenier Journeys -- 3. Cycles and Seasons -- 4. Alligators -- 5. Waterfowl -- 6. Furbearers -- 7. Fisheries -- 8. Wetlands, Wildlife, and People -- Appendix 1. Common Fauna and Flora of the Louisiana Chenier Plain -- Appendix 2. Alligator Research Conducted at Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Index