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China: Twenty Years of Reform outlines the experiences of China over the past two decades. It highlights the processes of reform, successes achieved, and problems faced during the economic transition. "China, and its relations with the international community, have been transformed. China's economy has expanded five times, and its foreign trade by twelve. It has greatly increased consumption levels of what had been about half of the world's people in poverty." - Ross Garnaut "Tremendous progress has been made over the past twenty years, but much more needs to be done in setting up a more open, efficient and transparent trade system, in line with the requirements of the WTO." - Ligang Song "Radical reform is neither in China's tradition, nor is it an easy task. Given the difficulties of the reform task and the structure of the political economy, it will probably take a few more years for China to accomplish SOE reform and reforms in other areas." - Yiping Huang "The most remarkable aspect of China's agricultural reform was it's "spillover" effect. Non-agricultural activities in rural China sprang up immediately after the reforms began—the gross output value of TVEs grew at 24 per cent per annum from 1978 to 1995 and employment grew at 9 per cent per annum." - Yongzheng Yang

Twenty-five years of reform have transformed China from a centrally planned and closed system to a predominantly market-driven and open economy. As a consequence, China is emerging as the new powerhouse for the world economy. China: new engine for world growth discusses the impact and significance of this transformation. It points out risks to the growth process and unfinished tasks of reform. It presents conclusions from recent research on growth, trade and investment, the financial sector, income and regional disparities, industrial location and private sector development. Ross Garnaut is a Professor of Economics in the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, and Chairman of the China Economy and Business Program at The Australian National University. He was Australia's Ambassador to China in the 1980s. Ligang Song is a Fellow in the Asia Pacific School of Economics and Government, and Director of the China Economy and Business Program at The Australian National University.

Where the last three decades of the 20th century witnessed a China rising on to the global economic stage, the first three decades of the 21st century are almost certain to bring with them the completion of that rise, not only in economic, but also political and geopolitical terms. China's integration into the global economy has brought one-fifth of the global population into the world trading system, which has increased global market potential and integration to an unprecedented level. The increased scale and depth of international specialisation propelled by an enlarged world market has offered new opportunities to boost world production, trade and consumption; with the potential for increasing the welfare of all the countries involved. However, China's integration into the global economy has forced a worldwide reallocation of economic activities. This has increased various kinds of friction in China's trading and political relations with others, as well as generating several globally significant externalities. Finding ways to accommodate China's rise in a way that ensures the future stability and prosperity of the world economy and polity is probably the most important task facing the world community in the first half of the 21st century. The book delves into these issues to reflect upon the wide range of opportunities and challenges that have emerged in the context of a rising China.

The study decomposes the sources of Chinese growth by first making a distinction between technological progress and technical efficiency in the growth accounting framework, and then identifying a series of reform programmes, such as urbanization, structural change, privatization, liberalization, banking and fiscal system reforms as the key components in institutional innovation which facilitate the improvement of technical efficiency and through which economic growth. These components are then incorporated into the model specification, which is estimated based on a panel dataset by applying the principal component analysis (PCA) to eliminate the multicollinearity problem. The results show that urbanization, liberalization and structural change in the form of industrialization are the most important components in contributing to the improvement of technical efficiency and hence growth, highlighting the importance of government policies aimed at enhancing further urbanization, openness to trade and industrial structural adjustments to sustain the growth momentum in China. The study also found that the potential for further enhancing growth through technical efficiency in China is considerable, which can be realized by deepening state-owned enterprises (SOEs) restructuring, and banking and fiscal system reform.

China's prosperity is at the core of the emerging Platinum Age of global economic growth. Rapid economic growth has been underpinned by expansion in its domestic markets, and the integration of domestic and international markets in goods, services, capital, labour and foreign exchange. Global commodity prices have reached historic highs, while China's capital outflows have helped to hold down interest rates worldwide. Linking markets, both domestic and international, has been key to China's success. In sustaining its strong economic growth, China has become one of the world's most voracious consumers of energy. The challenge now facing the government and people of China is in achieving cooperation with the international community to avert the costs–both economic and environmental–of accelerating energy consumption. China–Linking Markets for Growth gathers together leading scholars on China's economic success and its effect on the world economy into the next few decades.

China's Dilemma—Economic Growth, the Environment and Climate Change examines the challenges China will have to confront in order to maintain rapid growth while coping with the global financial turbulence, some rising socially destabilising tensions such as income inequality, an over-exploited environment and the long-term pressures of global warming. China's Dilemma discusses key questions that will have an impact on China's growth path and offers some in-depth analyses as to how China could confront these challenges. The authors address the effect of the global credit crunch and financial shocks on China's economic growth; China's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and emissions reduction schemes; the environmental consequences of foreign direct investment in China; the relationship between air pollution and mortality; the effect of climate change on agricultural output; the coal industry's compliance with tougher regulations; and the constraints water shortages may impose on China's economy. It also emphasises the importance of managing the rising demand for energy to moderate oil price increases and placating domestic and international concerns about global warming.

In the thirty years since China started on the path of reform, it has emerged as one of the largest and most dynamic economies in the world. This carries with it the responsibility to balance the requirements of key industries that are driving its development with the need to ensure that its growth is both equitable and sustainable. China's Dilemma highlights key lessons learned from the past thirty years of reform in order to pave the way for balanced and sustained growth in the future.

"The Chinese Economic Transformation, the 19th volume in the China Update book series, provides an opportunity for young economists to share their views on various issues relating to the Chinese economic transformation. More than half of the contributors to this book are female scholars. Some of the contributors are rising stars in the studies of the Chinese economy and economic transition, and some only recently received their PhDs and are on their way to establishing themselves in the field of China studies. But they have one thing in common: to passionately observe, study and research what is going on in the Chinese economic transformation during the reform period; and, by so doing, make contributions to the policy debates on, and general understanding of, the Chinese economy.
The chapters in this volume include an in-depth probe into challenges in capital and credit allocation due to financial friction and policy distortions; investigating the causes of growth slow-down in China and suitable policy responses; the evolution of the household registration system and its impact on off-farm employment and the integration of rural and urban labour markets; the growth, scale and characteristics of nonstandard employment; the development of rural e-commerce and its economic impact; innovation performance of listed enterprises in China; financial services liberalisation and its impact on firms' performance; financing support schemes for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and the effect on banks' credit allocation to SMEs; the potential costs of US–China trade conflict and ways to mitigate them; gender income gap in China's labour market; causes of blockage of Chinese overseas direct investment and strategies to reduce the probability of encountering obstacles; and the role of state capital in the iron ore boom in Australia.
The great variety of topics in this year's Update allows readers to understand the current shape of the Chinese economy and to think deeply about policies and necessary reforms for future growth and development."

Intro -- Figures -- Tables -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1. 40 years of China's reform and development: How reform captured China's demographic dividend -- Part I: The Chinese economic transformation -- 2. 40 years of Chinese economic reform and development and the challenge of 50 -- 3. Reflections on 40 years of China's reforms -- 4. GDP and the new concept of development: Understanding China's changing concept of development in regards to GDP after the reform and opening-up -- 5. The political economy causes of China's economic success -- 6. China's economic transformation -- 7. Reform and development strategy -- 8. The complex task of evaluating China's economic reforms -- 9. Decentralisation, local innovation and competition among cities -- Part II: Macroeconomic development and structural adjustments -- 10. China's macroeconomics in the 40 years of reform -- 11. China's economic rebalancing: Drivers, outlook and the role of reform -- 12. China's price liberalisation and market reform: A historical perspective -- 13. How has the Chinese economy capitalised on the demographic dividend during the reform period? -- 14. Marketisation in China from 1997 to 2014: Achievements and contribution to growth -- 15. An update on fiscal reform -- 16. 'Strong on quantity, weak on quality': China's financial reform between 1978 and 2018 -- 17. The reform of China's exchange rate regime -- 18. Private sector development -- 19. State-owned enterprise reform in China: Past, present and prospects -- 20. State enterprise reform today -- Part III: The development experiences -- 21. Rural-to-urban migration and migrants' labour market performance, 2008-16 -- 22. The structure of and changes to China's land system

The year 2018 marks 40 years of reform and development in China (1978–2018). This commemorative book assembles some of the world's most prominent scholars on the Chinese economy to reflect on what has been achieved as a result of the economic reform programs, and to draw out the key lessons that have been learned by the model of growth and development in China over the preceding four decades. This book explores what has happened in the transformation of the Chinese economy in the past 40 years for China itself, as well as for the rest of the world, and discusses the implications of what will happen next in the context of China's new reform agenda. Focusing on the long-term development strategy amid various old and new challenges that face the economy, this book sets the scene for what the world can expect in China's fifth decade of reform and development. A key feature of this book is its comprehensive coverage of the key issues involved in China's economic reform and development. Included are discussions of China's 40 years of reform and development in a global perspective; the political economy of economic transformation; the progress of marketisation and changes in market-compatible institutions; the reform program for state-owned enterprises; the financial sector and fiscal system reform, and its foreign exchange system reform; the progress and challenges in economic rebalancing; and the continuing process of China's global integration. This book further documents and analyses the development experiences including China's large scale of migration and urbanisation, the demographic structural changes, the private sector development, income distribution, land reform and regional development, agricultural development, and energy and climate change policies.

Preliminary -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Part I: New Model for Economic Growth -- 1. Reform and China's Long-Term Growth and Development -- 2. China's Shift from the Demographic Dividend to the Reform Dividend -- 3. Structural Imbalance, Inequality and Economic Growth -- 4. State Control, Entrepreneurship and Resource Allocation -- 5. China's High Rates of Investment and Path Towards Internal Rebalancing -- 6. The Middle-Income Trap and China's Growth Prospects -- 7. Short-Run Effects of the Economic Reform Agenda -- Part II: New Priority for Low‑Carbon Growth and Climate Change Policy -- 8. Low-carbon Growth and its Implications for the Less‑developed Regions -- 9. China's Climate and Energy Policy: On Track to Low-Carbon Growth? -- Part III: Financial System Reform -- 10. The Last Battles of China's Financial Reform -- 11. Financial Reform in Australia and China -- 12. Financial Openness of China and India -- 13. Increasing the Resilience of China's Financial Sector and the Global Monetary System -- Part IV: Factor Market Reform -- 14. The Issue of Land in China's Urbanisatoin and Growth Model -- 15. China's Labour Market Tensions and Future Unbanisation Challenges -- 16. The Impact of FDI on China's Regiona Economic Growth -- Part V: Productivity, Patent Institution and Investment Law -- 17. Accounting for the Sources of Growth in Chinese Industry, 1980-2010 -- 18. Growth, Structural Change and Productivity Gaps in China's Industrial Sector -- 19. The Importance, Development and Reform Challenges of China's Rail Sector -- 20. Patent Institution, Innovation and Economic Growth in China -- 21. Foreign Investment Laws and Policies in China Historical views and current issues -- Index

The Chinese economy has entered a new phase of development in which sources of growth are not so much dependent upon pure increases in labour, investment and credit expansion, but from productivity improvement, structural changes, technological progress and the benefits from improvement of the social security and welfare improvement. When market functions are fully established to become a main channel for allocating resources, the entrepreneurship will flourish engaging in more innovative activities, workers will move more freely and have more incentives to improve their skills, firms will become more productive through market entry and exit, the economic structure will become more balanced because of the improved resource allocation, and in the end, growth will become more spontaneous and sustainable. In this sense, reforms could deliver 'dividend' by raising China's potential economic growth rates. For China to confront all the challenges it faces at present, the reforms undertaken now have to be deep, comprehensive and far-reaching in order to succeed in paving the way for China to complete the task of transformation in the long-term. There is no better alternative than deepening the market-oriented reform in advancing the course of China's modernisation for future development and prosperity and lifting China to the status of a developed economy in the next two decades. The recent China update books have covered the topic of reform from different angles and this new book is another attempt to address this important issue.