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The author is grateful to Paul Davidson and E. Roy Weintraub for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.

Abstract
Ethanol is increasingly being used as a gasoline oxygenate and a volume extender in the refinery and blender industry in the U.S. This paper estimates refinery and blender factor demand and evaluates price responsiveness of inputs. The study also tests hypotheses regarding existence of structural change in the industry's demand for inputs. It determines the common shift point and adjustment rate characterizing the transition path of structural change for the set of inputs using gradual switching multivariate regression techniques and maximum likelihood methods. Results suggest structural change in factor demand for inputs in the refinery and blender industry has been initiated in January 2001 at slow adjustment rates. Results also suggest that with the exception of labor and capital, demand responsiveness for inputs to own price changes has decreased over time. The Hicks-Allen cross price elasticity estimates also suggests role-reversal for usage of ethanol in the refinery industry across regimes, with the latter being increasingly used as a substitute than as a complement with time.

Vegetable is considered a cheap nutritional source by most Filipinos. According to Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) mean one-day per capita vegetable intake by the Filipinos is way below the recommended rate which is 400 grams per day. This study analyzed the demand for cabbage and tomato in the Philippines with the specific objectives of comparing per capita consumption of cabbage and tomato by socio- economic class, barangay classification, and occupational group; examining the effects of selected factors on the household demand for cabbage and tomato; determining the demand elasticities of cabbage and tomato; and coming up with recommendation policy based on the consumption patterns that will enhance the consumption of cabbage and tomato in the Philippines. The study utilized weekly household demand data gathered by Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS) in November 2008. Two functional forms, linear and double log regression models were used in this study. A double log form of regression was chosen than the linear form because adjusted R-squared and value of overall significance of the model, most number of significant variables, the signs of the regression coefficients conformed to the demand theory, and the estimated coefficients provided the demand elasticities. Different demand elasticities were employed to estimate the own price, cross price and income elasticity of the said vegetables. Results of multiple regression showed that the demand for cabbage and tomato in household level and per capita level was significantly influenced by the own prices of cabbage and tomato, prices of substitutes and complements, household size, educational attainment of household head, barangay and socio-economic classifications, and household income. Income was found to be the most significant factor that affects the demand for cabbage and tomato for both levels. The results of Chow test support the full dataset regression such that utilization of cabbage and tomato are statistically different for rural and urban respondents. The overall results of demand elasticities showed that cabbage and tomato have inelastic demand. Low income is one of the determinants for low consumption of cabbage and tomato for both household and individuals. The government should intensify efforts to create opportunities for livelihood and income generation especially in the rural areas. Both the government and business sector should take persistent activities to increase public awareness on the health and nutritional benefits of eating these vegetables. To increase consumption especially by low income groups, home production should be encouraged.

For a large proportion of Indonesian people, owning a home is merely a dream, especially since house prices continue to rise. Consequently, an increasing number of low-income people (MBR) are not able to own their own homes. This has encouraged the Indonesian Government to release the 13th Economic Policy Package, The Million House Program, and several other financing policies to help MBR obtain affordable housing. In this investigation, an analysis is conducted on the supply and demand of MBR housing in Indonesia. Policy development recommendations to decrease the size of the housing backlog are also provided. This research utilizes the panel data method to analyze data from 34 provinces in Indonesia over a period of 5 years, also by gathering primary data with FGD method toward the property business owners and authorized local government whose in charge in subsidized housing policy. The results illustrate that the human population is the sole factor that affects the growing demand for subsidized housing. Possible solutions to accommodate this increase in demand include a building rights title (HGB), like the financing scheme, and the development of flats, rather than individual housing methods.