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Explores the degree to which fascism was revolutionary. Domenico Settembrini's 1978 book on fascism, claiming that it was an "imperfect counterrevolution," was criticized by Italy's Left revolutionaries who did not want fascism equated with their idealistic communist goals. Yet, recent historiography has contested the view that the owner classes supported fascism's rise to power. Fascism was seen as a combination of nationalism & socialism, & the bourgeoisie were considered the foremost enemy of both movements. Mussolini's movement shared with communism the militaristic approach to politics, the rejection of middle-class values, the desire to create a new civilization, the suppression of independent thought, & the desire to destroy its enemies (La Rochelle 1998). Fascism was guilty of violence & crimes, but lacked the revolutionary goal of complete purification through the destruction of entire groups. Its legacy, however, was the spreading of the Bolshevik culture to its survivors. L. A. Hoffman

Despite the Second World War and the Holocaust, postwar Britain was not immune to fascism. By 1948, a large and confident fascist movement had been established, with a strong network of local organisers and public speakers, and an audience of thousands. However, within two years the fascists had collapsed under the pressure of a successful anti-fascist campaign. This book explains how it was that fascism could grow so fast, and how it then went into decline.

"This fourth volume in Christian Fuchs's Media, Communication and Society book series outlines the theoretical foundations of digital fascism and presents case studies of how fascism is communicated online. Digital Fascism presents and engages with theoretical approaches and empirical studies that allow us to understand how fascism, right-wing authoritarianism, xenophobia, and nationalism are communicated on the Internet. Divided into three parts, the book builds on theoretical foundations from key theorists such as Theodor W. Adorno, Franz L. Neumann, Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, Wilhelm Reich, Leo Löwenthal, Moishe Postone, Günther Anders, M.N. Roy, Henry Giroux, and Martin Heidegger. The second part draws on a range of case studies, including Nazis celebrations of Hitler's birthday on Twitter, the 'red scare 2.0' directed against Jeremy Corbyn, Donald Trump, Boris Johnson, and the Austrian presidential election to analyse communication online and in social media. In conclusion, Fuchs argues that slowing down the logic of the media can advance and renew debate culture in the age of digital authoritarianism, fake news, and filter bubbles. Each chapter focuses on a particular dimension of digital fascism or a critical theorist whose work helps us to illuminate how fascism and digital fascism work, making this essential reading for both undergraduate and postgraduate students of media and communication studies, sociology and politics"--

Fascism in Italy & Germany was the result of mass movements that seized power when the existing capitalist ruling classes readily yielded control. Fascist ideology, which is a variant of bourgeois ideology with a petty bourgeois character, appealed to individuals of all SC's. It called for unity & an end to divisive class struggles although it did not attack property relations which were the foundations of the existing class structure. Fascism is the last stage of capitalist society, in which the inherent contradictions of the system are brutally pushed to their ultimate consequences. In practice, fascism is the negation of bourgeois democracy & formal equality, & marks the end of the legal pursuit of particular interests. The mass basis for the fascist movement are the middle strata, who tend to have certain characteristic traits: (1) a narrow focus on particular needs, wants & conceptions; (2) an absolute identification with "natural" groups; (3) an intense hostility to other families, religions, nations & races, conceived of as out-groups; (4) an obsession with the past & a preoccupation with a return to "original" structures; & (5) a veneration of authoritarian figures & forces. A fundamental feature of fascism that is historically unique are the military organizations, or storm troops, that dominate the party, & are unconditionally brutal against real or pretended enemies. The "national socialism" of fascist ideology refers to the attempt to increase the satisfaction of the material needs of every member of all SC's within the national community at the expense of other nations. Fascism arises when the petty bourgeoisie is crushed between the ruling class & a strong Wc. It evolves into a movement that attempts to smash worker's organizations on its road to power, & ends up implementing the program of the big bourgeoisie since the petty bourgeois movement has no solutions for capitalism's crisis. A. Karmen.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- CONTENTS -- Introduction: Wanted Dead -- Chapter 1: An Odd Couple? Fascism and Islamism in Recent History -- Chapter 2: Reformists or Fascist Islamists? The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt -- Chapter 3: Islamic Fascism's Historic Roots from Abraham to Sayyid Qutb -- Chapter 4: From My Struggle (Mein Kampf) to Our Struggle-Arabia and Anti-Semitism -- Chapter 5: From Gutenberg to Zuckerberg-Cultural Monopoly and the Dictatorship of Islam -- Chapter 6: "Heil Osama!"-Failed States and Successful Terrorists -- Chapter 7: Pornotopia-Jihad and the Promise of Paradise -- Chapter 8: Islamic Bombs and Shiite Fascism -- Chapter 9: Unbelievers on the March-Meet Five Atheists from the Islamic World -- Chapter 10: Salafists, Jihadists, and Islamic Fascism in Europe -- Chapter 11: Polarization and Social Cleansing-What Thilo Sarrazin and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Have in Common -- Chapter 12: Mapping the Terrain of Terror-Islamism, Islam, and the Islamic State -- Chapter 13: Charlie Hebdo and Islam's Outrage Industry -- Afterword: Islamism and the Endgame -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the Author.