Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Half Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Series Editor's Note -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I. Instrument Development and Analysis -- 1. Introduction -- Problems in Social Science Measurement -- What is Measurement Theory? -- Measurement Defined -- The Nominal Level of Measurement -- The Ordinal Level of Measurement -- The Interval Level of Measurement -- The Ratio Level of Measurement -- Criticisms of Stevens's Levels of Measurement -- A Brief History of Testing -- The Chinese Civil Service Examinations -- Testing in Ancient Greece -- Early European Testing -- Testing in the United States -- Testing in Business and Industry -- Personality Assessment -- Summary -- Exercises -- 2. Norms and Standardized Scores -- Which to Use? -- Norm Groups -- Important Characteristics of the Norm Group: The "Three R's" -- Types of Norm-referenced Scores -- Percentile Ranks -- Standardized and Normalized Scores -- Stanines -- Normal Curve Equivalents -- Developmental-Level Scores -- Criterion-Referenced Testing -- Summary -- Exercises -- 3. The Test Development Process -- Steps in Scale Development -- State the Purpose of the Scale -- Identify and Define the Domain -- Determine Whether a Measure Already Exists -- Determine the Item Format -- Write Out the Testing Objectives -- Create the Initial Item Pool -- Conduct the Initial Item Review -- Conduct Preliminary Item Tryouts -- Conduct a Large-Scale Field Test of Items -- Prepare Guidelines for Administration -- Summary -- Exercises -- 4. Writing Cognitive Items -- Objective Item Types -- Multiple-Choice Items -- True–False Items -- Matching Items -- Short-Answer or Completion Items -- Performance Assessments -- Essay Questions -- Performance Tasks -- Summary -- Exercises -- 5. Writing Noncognitive Items -- Noncognitive Item Types -- Thurstone Scaling