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Across the world, governments mobilised the military to support COVID-19 relief efforts. Especially in Asia and Latin America, where the military was extensively involved, this raised concerns about the negative implications for democratic quality and human rights. However, only in a few of the two regions' countries did the military hijack or supplant civilian politics during the pandemic. In both regions, militaries performed numerous tasks during the pandemic, staffing the health bureaucracy, producing medical equipment, providing healthcare services, delivering logistics, and enforcing public-security measures. The extensive reliance on the military's organisational resources, however, did not necessarily lead to the political ascendance of the armed forces or the erosion of democratic quality. Military participation in COVID-19 relief efforts undermined democracy and human rights only where the armed forces had been a pivotal actor in the context of institutionally weak democracies or militarised dictatorships already prior to 2020.

Prologue : Winter Landscape. Life without money ; The great experiment -- "God has abandoned us" : Europe, 1570-1600. A monk on the run ; God's wind and waves ; Harsh frosts and burning sun ; A time of confusion and a fiery mountain ; Pilgrims and their hunger ; Truth and wine ; Wine in Vienna ; The lights go out ; Witches and spoiled harvests ; The truth in the stars ; Doctor Faustus ; Infinite worlds ; The tower of books -- The age of iron. Hortus Botanicus ; Revolutionary places ; The city devours its children ; The magic of green cheese ; The great transformation ; A picture of the world ; Idle talk and fabrications ; A warning and a call to repent ; Tears too plentiful to count ; The revolution of the barrel of a musket ; Sell more to strangers ; The state as machine ; A profitable trade ; The curse of silver ; Officer, retired ; The subversive republic of letters ; Germanus incredibilis ; Virtue in the drowning cell ; Leviathan ; An inventory of morality -- On comets and other celestial lights. The madness of crowds ; The Antichrist ; The Messiah and the whore ; The fair on the ice ; The face of change ; The price of change ; Tapissier du roi ; The public sphere and the vices of bees ; The floating reverend -- Epilogue : Supplement to The fable of the bees. Songbirds, wood lice, and corals ; Freedom and luxury ; Inherited compromises ; New metaphors ; The theology of the market ; The market and the fortress.

Hauptbeschreibung: Heute fürchten wir, das Klima durch Menschwerk irreversibel zum Schlechten zu ändern. Jahrhundertelang aber war das Klima ein Faktum, welches zwar durch den Menschen nicht beeinflusst werden konnte, den Lauf der Geschichte jedoch entscheidend bestimmte. Siedlungsräume und agrarische Anbaumöglichkeiten änderten sich mit Klimaschwankungen und damit die Existenzgrundlage der Menschen. Wie aber lässt sich die Klimaentwicklung rekonstruieren? Welche sozialen, ökonomischen und kulturellen Auswirkungen hatten Klimaschwankungen und klimatisch induzierte Katastrophen auf die Menschen?

[Questions] North African dry woodlands constitute mediterranean climatic ecotone ecosystems of vital importance for human livelihoods and local biodiversity. To improve the basis for managing these key ecosystems, we selected a Tertiary relict woodland (Argania spinosa) in order to clarify the sensitivity to long‐term climate change (the present, the past glacial‐interglacial cycle and under future scenarios). We also discuss the impact of long‐term human land use for the distribution of dry woodlands in North Africa. ; [Methods] To assess whether the argan woodland is in equilibrium with current climate, we used species distribution modelling (SDM) to estimate its potential range. Then, SDM was used to estimate its potential distribution during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21,000 BP) and the Middle Holocene (Mid‐Holocene; 6,000 BP). Model predictions for past scenarios were compared with Quaternary palaeorecords to evaluate their accuracy. Finally, we forecasted changes in the potential range to year 2080 to assess its likely future range dynamics. ; [Results] At the LGM, suitable areas occurred at more southern latitudes, where the Sahara Desert currently lies, while suitable areas in the Mid‐Holocene shifted northwards, occupying areas similar to those of today. The estimated past distributions are consistent with palaeorecords, providing evidence for the important role of Quaternary climate changes in driving dry woodland range dynamics. The current range‐filling constitutes 44% of the potential distribution, probably primarily reflecting anthropic land‐use effects. Future climate change is forecast not to cause latitudinal/altitudinal range shifts, but rather an overall range contraction. ; [Conclusions] The models reflect the high sensitivity of the dry woodland ecosystem to past climate changes, in agreement with palaeorecords. The estimated climatic sensitivity also predicts severe range contraction during future climate change. Consequently, management strategies for dry woodlands should be developed to facilitate their in situ survival, particularly by reducing the currently intensive human pressure. ; We are indebted to the Spanish Consolider Program (CSD2007-00058), Excellence Research Projects' Program from Andalusian government (RNM-7033), Research Projects Plan from UGR (PP2012-PI02) as well as HAR2008-06477-C03-03/HIST and CGL2011-30512-C02-01 projects (Plan Nacional I + D + i) for financial and technical support. We also thank Universidad de Granada (Spain) by supporting Diego Nieto-Lugilde postdoc position at the Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Group, Aarhus University. JCS was supported by the European Research Council (ERC-2012-StG-310886-HISTFUNC) and the Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences (12-125079) ; Peer reviewed

This paper focuses on the analysis of the multilateral regime of climate change from the perspective of the regimental complex. It examines the role of the BASIC countries in the signing of the new climate agreement in Paris and its relationship with traditional powers like the United States and the European Union. The role of the BASIC countries has been crucial to close a new deal, and in exchange for that power, the group has accepted two conditions: a bottom-up agreement and nationally determined contributions as a vehicle for climate action. Similarly, the diffusion of power in the international system means that although the triangle formed by the BASIC-EU-US has been critical to achieving a new climate agreement, other actors also played an important role in the negotiation process of COP 21. ; Fil: Bueno, Maria del Pilar. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina ; Fil: Pascual, Gonzalo. No especifica;

Part I: Scientific context --Ocean acidification : scientific understanding and challenges /Dan Laffoley, John M Baxter, Elizabeth B Jewett, Maureen T Brooks and Nelson A Lagos --Part II: Global law and policy --Implications of the Paris Agreement for action on ocean acidification within the UNFCCC /Ellycia R Harrould-Kolieb --Ocean acidification and multilateral environmental agreements /Naporn Popattanachai and Elizabeth A Kirk --Maritime transport and ocean acidification /Beatriz Martinez Romera --Ocean acidification and a new treaty on marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction /Joanna Mossop --Food security, fisheries and ocean acidification : a human rights based approach /Hilal Elver and Nilüfer Oral --Part III: Regional law and policy --Regional seas programs and ocean acidification /Kerry Tetzlaff --Regional fisheries bodies and ocean acidification /Rosemary Rayfuse --Ocean acidification and the Arctic : regional scientific and governance responses /Nadja Steiner and David L VanderZwaag --Southern Ocean acidification and the Antarctic Treaty System /Karen N Scott --Ocean acidification and Pacific Island countries and territories : sounding the alarm on an existential threat /Clement Yow Mulalap --Part IV: National law and policy --Ocean acidification : science, policy and law in Australia /Ellycia R Harrould-Kolieb and Tim Stephens --Brazilian policy and law review on ocean acidification and climate change : achievements and challenges /Maria Helena Fonseca de Souza Rolim and Victor Alencar Mayer Feitosa Ventura --Ocean acidification and China's response /Jiayu Bai and Jiaxin Sui --The battle against ocean acidification in the United States /Sherry P Broder.

The author reviews nuclear debate in South Asia paying special attention to nuclear capabilities of India and Pakistan, their nuclear policies, the prospects of nuclear non-proliferation in South Asia, signing of the NPT (Non-proliferation Treaty) by France, China and South Africa and the signing of the START accord by the U.S. President Bush and the Soviet leader Gorbachev in Moscow on 30 July 1991. (DÜI-Sen)

Abstract The Central American Dry Corridor (CADC) is among the most climate-vulnerable regions worldwide. Climate change, commonly referred to as a "threat multiplier" of pre-existing socioeconomic issues, already undermines rural livelihoods by reducing agricultural yields and income opportunities. This paper provides a review of climate-related migration in the CADC region while identifying the specific pathways by which climate change manifests itself as a threat multiplier to migration. Different forms of human mobility (seasonal/temporal/permanent and internal/international migration) are increasingly attempted as adaptation strategies by affected households to diversify incomes and offset climate impacts. Preferred intra-regional migrant destinations tend to be less climate-vulnerable and also less violent. Notably, climate change is not isolated from socioeconomic and political migration drivers. Erosion of rural livelihoods reduces the costs of engaging in illicit coping strategies (e.g., illegal crop production) and simultaneously favours rapid urbanisation, which is linked to (forced) gang recruitment, primarily affecting the youth. These processes contribute to extraordinarily high violence levels, which are a major push factor for migration on their own, ultimately challenging state authority. Moreover, as outmigration from the region is projected to increase, the observed securitisation of borders, particularly along the USA-Mexico border and the Mexico-Guatemala border, while unfit to limit migration attempts, make migration more desperate and dangerous, allowing organised crime to step in and exploit migration as an economic undertaking. Thus, for the CADC, the depoliticised and simplistic narrative of migration serving as adaptation must be questioned. Policy coherence and state capacity for addressing climate-security-migration nexus challenges are critical needs.

PUBLISHED ; Reflecting on the experiences of 16 of the 26 projects funded under ERA4CS, this guide aims to define and recommend good practices for transdisciplinary knowledge co-production of climate services to researchers, users, funding agencies, and private sector service providers. Drawing on responses from ERA4CS project teams to a questionnaire and interviews, this guide maps the diversity of methods for stakeholder identification, involvement, and engagement. It also conducts an analysis of methods, tools, and mechanisms for engagement as well as evaluation of co-production processes.

Sustainability is a very widespread concept in recent decades, with growing interest among academic researchers. Considering the environmental imbalance and the climatic changes caused by the predatory action of man, its study gains a configuration of great relevance in face of the planetary emergency. The term has been discussed by renowned authors such as Caride Meira, 2004; Fien Tilbury, 2002; Freitas, 2000; Garcia Vergara, 2000; Guerra, 2009; Sachs, 2004; Meira Sato, 2005, apud Faustino and Amador, 2019, who affirm that the various definitions of Sustainable Development, in line with the Brundtland report, are supported by a highly anthropocentric and deeply economics vision that leads "nature to be seen essentially as a resource, which is perceived as an object that man uses, explores and discards according to his needs and desires for capital accumulation (Bonnett, 2007, p. 3).International organizations, governments, companies, communities, even people and children already refer to the term frequently. But, the question is: What sustainability is each talking about?This is an ever-present challenge that must be pursued through community participation, studies and scientific research that can contribute to shedding light on different sectors or segments where sustainability, quality of life and improvement of living conditions are sought for all, living and non-living beings that make up this universe called "Planet Earth".In order to contribute to the sustainability debate, this issue was opened by the article COSMOCENA ECOLOGY: AN ECOLOGY OF DIFFERENCES "as part of Political Ecology as an expression of Environmental Ecology, which can be recognized as an Ecology of Differences", by Pereira and Amaral, who they emphasize that the "socio-environmental pathologies of the modern scientific paradigm, and of the capitalist production mode, revealed insufficiencies both in rationality and in the way of production in managing and preserving life".The CHALLENGES FOR THE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH NETWORK IN RESIDENTIAL CLIMATE DEVELOPMENT - RIPEDRC are presented by Carniatto et al who, based on the assessment of the impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector, and also on the countless urban activities, warn that "climate change is a of the great challenges of the 21st century, stressing that its consequences would make world trade and peace unstable". That in order to face this climate emergency, the RIPEDRC Network presents the need for cooperation between the different countries immediately. And other studies.We invite you to read, publicize and present your research to our journal

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 The Gem of Central Asia -- 1.1.1 Contributions to Science -- 1.2 Central Asia and Uzbekistan in the Works of Ancient Authors -- 1.3 Location -- 1.4 Nature -- 1.4.1 Climate -- 1.4.2 Temperature -- 1.4.3 Solar Radiation -- 1.4.4 Precipitation -- 1.4.5 Climate Change -- 1.4.6 Flora and Fauna -- 1.4.7 Flora -- 1.4.8 Fauna -- 1.5 History -- 1.6 The Revival of the Great Silk Route -- 1.7 Common Resources, History, and Future -- References -- 2: Historical Geography -- 2.1 State Building -- 2.1.1 Ancient History -- 2.1.2 Medieval Development -- 2.1.3 Colonization -- 2.1.4 The Soviet Period -- 2.1.5 Independence -- 2.2 Governance -- 2.2.1 Government -- 2.2.2 The Electoral System -- 2.2.3 After Karimov -- 2.3 Cultural Geography -- 2.3.1 Historical Roots -- 2.3.2 Cultural Life -- 2.3.3 Religion -- 2.3.4 Gender Issues -- 2.3.5 Education -- 2.3.6 Music -- 2.3.7 Theater -- 2.3.8 Literature -- 2.3.9 Newspapers and Magazines -- 2.4 Architecture -- 2.4.1 Ancient Monuments -- 2.4.2 Modern Architecture -- 2.5 Food -- 2.5.1 Bread Is Sacred -- 2.5.2 The Tea Ceremony -- 2.5.3 Uzbek Cuisine -- 2.5.4 Fruit and Vegetables -- 2.6 Clothing -- 2.7 Traditions and Rituals -- 2.7.1 Weddings -- 2.7.2 The Birth of a Child -- 2.7.3 Consecration of the Mother -- 2.8 Holidays -- 2.8.1 New Year -- 2.8.2 Navruz -- 2.8.3 Religious Holidays -- 2.9 Arts and Crafts -- 2.9.1 Cold Steel from Fergana -- 2.9.2 Gold Embroidery -- 2.9.3 Carpet Weaving -- 2.9.4 Embroidery -- 2.9.5 Ceramics -- 2.9.6 Silk Fabrics -- 2.9.7 Copper Embossing -- 2.9.8 Wood Carving -- References -- 3: Geography of Resources -- 3.1 Global Geological Processes and Geology of Uzbekistan -- 3.1.1 Geological Evolution of Asia -- 3.1.2 Geological Evolution of Uzbekistan.

Climate change is increasing the occurrence of natural disasters worldwide, and more frequent and intense fires represent one of the most destructive expressions of this trend. Chile is highly vulnerable to climate change, and fires are a recurrent phenomenon affecting many people each year. To reduce fire risk, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggests reducing both exposure and vulnerability through multiple initiatives, which demand increased community engagement. In such a context, this study explores local perceptions of fire in a sample of inhabitants in a wildland-urban interface (WUI) in Valparaiso, a city that is affected by numerous fires each year. The ultimate goal was to identify psychological and community factors that should be taken into consideration to develop prevention plans and safer environments for people living in a context of poverty and social inequity. Using a qualitative approach, 28 interviews were conducted and analyzed following grounded theory principles. Results identified multiple causes, impacts, and characteristics of the problem perceived by people who permanently cohabit with fire risk, showing that for many of them, fire risk is not about the probability of occurrence of a disaster, but a question about when and how the next fire will happen. However, in such a complex scenario, psychological, community, and structural barriers deter people from implementing more effective actions. Conversely, in emergency situations, such barriers are irrelevant and cooperative actions prevail, suggesting the existence of resources and capacities within the community that could lessen exposure and vulnerability if activated on a day-to-day basis. Overall, reducing fire risk cannot be achieved by local communities alone nor without their support. To build, maintain, and consolidate fire prevention actions, it is critical to activate community strengths and cooperation and engage the resources and management capacity of local governments. ; Center for Climate and Resilience Research CR2 ANID/FONDAP 15110009

Today the People's Republic of China faces a serious problem in its relationship with Taiwan, as it affirms that the latter is one more province within the Republic. This is increased by the insistence of the US to provide strong political, military and economic support to Taiwan, encouraging its intention to maintain its status as a sovereign state and use it as a tool to contain the People's Republic of China as a global power, and particularly, in terms of the security of the entire Asia-Pacific area. In turn, the latter has adopted a dual reunification strategy with the formula "one country, two systems" and, on the other hand, threatening any attempt at independence with the use of force. For their part, the different regional and international actors interested in this situation do not contribute to facilitating an understanding. ; La República Popular China enfrenta hoy un serio problema en su relación con Taiwán, por cuanto afirma que esta última es una provincia más dentro de la República. Esto se ve incrementado por la insistencia de EE.UU. de entregar un fuerte apoyo político, militar y económico a Taiwán, incentivando su intención de mantener su calidad de Estado soberano y utilizarlo como una herramienta para la contención de la República Popular China como poder global, y particularmente, en términos de la seguridad de toda el área del Asia-Pacífico. A su vez, esta última ha adoptado una estrategia de reunificación de carácter dual con la fórmula "un país, dos sistemas" y, por otra parte, la de amenazar con el uso de la fuerza cualquier intento de independencia. Por su parte, los diferentes actores regionales e internacionales interesados en esta situación no contribuyen a facilitar un entendimiento.