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AbstractNaïve realists hold that the phenomenology of veridical perceptual experience is in part constituted by environmental objects that the subject is perceiving. Although naïve realism is well-motivated by considering the cognitive and epistemic roles of the phenomenology of veridical perceptual experience, it is considered difficult to explain hallucinatory and imaginative experiences. This paper provides three arguments to address these explanatory problems systematically on behalf of naïve realism. First, I argue that the imagination view of hallucination (IH), which states that hallucinations are involuntary sensory imagination, can be applied to total and neutrally matching hallucinations. Second, I argue for the conjunction of IH and the representational view of imagination (RI), according to which sensory imagination (including hallucination) is representational (shortly RIH). Third, I argue that naïve realism can coherently be integrated with RIH. I finally present an integrative model of perception, imagination and hallucination from the perspective of the combination of naïve realism and RIH.

Theories about the ontological structure of the world have generally been described in informal, intuitive terms, and the arguments for and against them, including their consistency and adequacy as explanatory frameworks, have generally been given in even more informal terms. The goal of formal ontology is to correct for these deficiencies. By formally reconstructing an intuitive, informal ontological scheme as a formal ontology we can better determine the consistency and adequacy of that scheme; and then by comparing different reconstructed schemes with one another we can much better evaluate.

In histories of Serbian painting Sreten Maric is listed among the protagonists of socialist realism, and that on the basis of a single article - his criticism of an exhibition staged by the Association of Visual Artists of Serbia to the benefit of wounded veterans (the exhibition was opened in Belgrade in late 1944, and the article was published in the Christmas 1945 issue of ?Politika?). Without denying the historical basis for this judgment, the author of the present paper pleads for a more nuance approach and propounds the thesis that socialist realism was primarily a complex pattern of social relations, and only in the second place a substantively defined doctrine. On the basis of an insight into the relevant sources it is argued that Maric was not a theorist of socialist realism; on the other hand, an ideologue of social painting he was indeed, believing in a synthesis of Art and Revolution. By way of comparison, the figures of Miroslav Krleza and Georg Luk?cs are referred to: neither of the two was a protagonist of socialist realism, though both belonged firmly to the so-called leftist thought.

The main claim in this article is that humanitarianism can be depicted as an attempt of establishing a realistic utopia. The claimed is supported by comparison between More's Utopia and Dunant's A memory of Solferino. Despite the differences in style and context, both authors show a sensitive analysis of human nature and war as a phenomenon. They both show that war should be conducted in a way that reduces suffering. It is also important that several of their ideas that were far flung at the time have become political mainstream. This in turn illustrate that some utopian depictions can turn out to be realistic. Dunant's text illustrates this by making concrete proposals that brought about long lasting changes in the conduct of war. Despite coming short of abolishing war his text represent a realistic utopia that expanded the field of what was politically possible.

The Estonian philosopher Rein Vihalemm (1938–2015) wished to reform realism in the philosophy of science. He was dissatisfied with the mainstream analytic philosophy of science—scientific realism and the various anti-realisms alike. He considered these approaches theory-driven and hence too distanced from actual scientific practice. His alternative, which he called practical realism, was inspired and influenced by Joseph Rouse's original reading of Thomas Kuhn. Moreover, Vihalemm viewed as important some lessons from Marxism, which was prevalent in Estonian philosophy during the Soviet occupation. For him, Marx himself inaugurated practical realism with his novel notion of practice that does not consider agency distinct from nature. He also mentions Kant, interpreted in a realistic manner, as a significant influence for his thesis that concepts only apply to practice. In this article, I will critically examine practical realism from the standpoint of classical pragmatism. My primary question is: what kind of realism practical realism can possibly be.

THE AUTHOR OFFERS CONSIDERATIONS WHICH MAKE THE POINT THAT THERE ARE LIMITS TO THE UTILITY OF POLITICAL REALISM. HE SUGGESTS THAT IF REALISM DOES NOT EXPLAIN THE WHOLE OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AND FOREIGN POLICY IT STILL EXPLAINS A GREAT DEAL. EVEN MORE, IT ENCOURAGES AN OUTLOOK TOWARD FOREIGN POLICY THAT IS SORELY NEEDED IN A TIME OF TRIUMPHALISM AND UNBOUNDED OPTIMISM. HE CONCLUDES THAT IT IS DOUBTFUL THAT IT WILL GAIN THE HEARING THAT IT DESERVES.

A review essay on books by (1) Raymond Geuss, History and Illusion in Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge U Press, 2001; & (2) Raymond Geuss, Public Goods, Private Goods (Princeton: Princeton U Press, 2001).

The essence of millennial reflections on international studies: realism and institutionalism / Michael Brecher and Frank P. Harvey. -- Realism, the real world, and the academy / John J. Mearsheimer. -- Modern realist theory and the study of international politics in the twenty-first century / Joseph M. Grieco. -- Realism and the study of peace and war / John Vasquez. -- Performance and perils of realism in the study of international politics / K.J. Holsti. -- Realism and the democratic peace: the primacy of state security in new democracies / Manus I. Midlarsky. -- Systemism and international relations: toward a reassessment of realism / Patrick James. -- Progress in international relations: beyond the paradigms in the study of institutions / David A. Lake. -- Institutional theory in international relations / Robert O. Keohane. -- Transnational relations, interdependence, and globalization / Joseph S. Nye, Jr. -- Are institutions intervening variables or basic causal forces? Causal clusters versus causal chains in international society / Oran R. Young